204
Table 7.3 Air-water CO 2 fluxes recorded in various mangrove forests throughout the world
Site
Method
Time
CO 2 flux
(g CO 2 m
−2
day
−1 )*
Authors
Estuarine mouth of
Mooriganga, Saptamukhi,
and Thakuran, Sundarbans,
India
Bulk
formula
2001 (Annual
cycle)
−0.02–0.05
Biswas et al.
(2004)
Mean: 0.01
Mouth of the Edwards
Creek, Thakuran River,
Herobhanga River,
Sundarbans, India
Bulk
formula
April and May,
2011
−0.03–0.03
Akhand et al.
(2013)
Matla Estuary, Sundarbans,
India
Bulk
formula
August
2013–July 2014
Mean: 0.3
Akhand et al.
(2016)
Nagada Creek, Papua New
Guinea; Gaderu Creek,
India; Norman’s Pond,
Bahamas
Bulk
formula
December, 2000;
June, 2001
Mean: 2.2
Borges et al.
(2003)
Gautami-Godavari mangrove
Estuary
Bulk
formula
Pre-monsoon
season, 2001
3.1 ± 5.5
Bouillon et al.
(2003)
Mtoni and Ras
Bulk
formula
September, 2005 0.04–3.5
Kristensen et al.
(2008)
Dege Mangroves, Tanzania
Tam Giang and KiȇnVàng
Mangroves, Ca Mau
Province, Vietnam
Bulk
formula
April & October,
2005
1.2–6.8
Konè and Borges
(2008)
Ishigaki Island, Japan
Floating
chamber
August
2003–July2006
3.6 ± 2.2
Tokoro et al.
(2008)
Mangrove Bay, Bermuda
Bulk
formula
October, 2007
2.6 ± 0.8
Zablocki et al.
(2011)
Shark River, Everglades
National Park, USA
SF 6 tracer November, 2011 10.2 ± 1.0
Ho et al. (2014)
Wright Myo; Kalighat,
Andaman Islands
Bulk
formula
Dry season
(2005); Wet
season (2006)
1.0–7.6
Linto et al.
(2014)
Moreton Bay, Australia
Bulk
formula
November, 2013 0.4–27.7
Call et al. (2015)
Shark River, Everglades
National Park, USA
Bulk
formula
August and
November, 2011
3.9 ± 0.4
Troxler et al.
(2015)
Shark River, Everglades
National Park, USA
3
He/SF 6
dual tracer
October, 2014
4.6 ± 0.4
Ho et al. (2016)
6 mangrove sites of
Australia
Bulk
formula
2013 & 2014
1.5 ± 0.7
Sippo et al.
(2016)
Iriomote Island, Japan
Bulk
formula
July, 2017
0.4 ± 0.5
Akhand et al.
(unpublished
data)
*The CO 2 flux magnitudes are converted to a single unit for the sake of comparison; few data are
given in the Mean ± standard deviation format, whereas, the others are given in the minimum to
maximum format (as retrieved from the respective papers); positive values indicate efflux towards
atmosphere (source) and negative values indicates influx towards water (sink)
A. Akhand et al.
Table 7.3 Air-water CO 2 fluxes recorded in various mangrove forests throughout the world
Site
Method
Time
CO 2 flux
(g CO 2 m
−2
day
−1 )*
Authors
Estuarine mouth of
Mooriganga, Saptamukhi,
and Thakuran, Sundarbans,
India
Bulk
formula
2001 (Annual
cycle)
−0.02–0.05
Biswas et al.
(2004)
Mean: 0.01
Mouth of the Edwards
Creek, Thakuran River,
Herobhanga River,
Sundarbans, India
Bulk
formula
April and May,
2011
−0.03–0.03
Akhand et al.
(2013)
Matla Estuary, Sundarbans,
India
Bulk
formula
August
2013–July 2014
Mean: 0.3
Akhand et al.
(2016)
Nagada Creek, Papua New
Guinea; Gaderu Creek,
India; Norman’s Pond,
Bahamas
Bulk
formula
December, 2000;
June, 2001
Mean: 2.2
Borges et al.
(2003)
Gautami-Godavari mangrove
Estuary
Bulk
formula
Pre-monsoon
season, 2001
3.1 ± 5.5
Bouillon et al.
(2003)
Mtoni and Ras
Bulk
formula
September, 2005 0.04–3.5
Kristensen et al.
(2008)
Dege Mangroves, Tanzania
Tam Giang and KiȇnVàng
Mangroves, Ca Mau
Province, Vietnam
Bulk
formula
April & October,
2005
1.2–6.8
Konè and Borges
(2008)
Ishigaki Island, Japan
Floating
chamber
August
2003–July2006
3.6 ± 2.2
Tokoro et al.
(2008)
Mangrove Bay, Bermuda
Bulk
formula
October, 2007
2.6 ± 0.8
Zablocki et al.
(2011)
Shark River, Everglades
National Park, USA
SF 6 tracer November, 2011 10.2 ± 1.0
Ho et al. (2014)
Wright Myo; Kalighat,
Andaman Islands
Bulk
formula
Dry season
(2005); Wet
season (2006)
1.0–7.6
Linto et al.
(2014)
Moreton Bay, Australia
Bulk
formula
November, 2013 0.4–27.7
Call et al. (2015)
Shark River, Everglades
National Park, USA
Bulk
formula
August and
November, 2011
3.9 ± 0.4
Troxler et al.
(2015)
Shark River, Everglades
National Park, USA
3
He/SF 6
dual tracer
October, 2014
4.6 ± 0.4
Ho et al. (2016)
6 mangrove sites of
Australia
Bulk
formula
2013 & 2014
1.5 ± 0.7
Sippo et al.
(2016)
Iriomote Island, Japan
Bulk
formula
July, 2017
0.4 ± 0.5
Akhand et al.
(unpublished
data)
*The CO 2 flux magnitudes are converted to a single unit for the sake of comparison; few data are
given in the Mean ± standard deviation format, whereas, the others are given in the minimum to
maximum format (as retrieved from the respective papers); positive values indicate efflux towards
atmosphere (source) and negative values indicates influx towards water (sink)
A. Akhand et al.