80
biochemical pathways and their interactions with the environment. In seaweeds,
extensive targeted and untargeted lipid analysis have been accomplished for profiling of specific lipid classes (e.g., FAs, oxylipins, glycerolipids, and saccharolipids)
for different purposes such as chemotaxonomic biomarkers, biotechnological applications, and perturbation to external cues (Illijas et al. 2009; Kumari et al. 2013a, b,
2014b, 2015; Küpper et al. 2009; Rempt et al. 2012; Ritter et al. 2014; Weinberger
et al. 2011; Yan et al. 2011). There are only a few lipidomic studies carried out in
seaweeds using LC-MS-based CLASS approach or direct infusion shotgun lipidomic approach discussed herein and enlisted in Table 4.6.
4.5.1 Elucidation of Lipidomic Profiling and Identification
of Novel Lipids
The first polar lipidome (polar lipid along with its FA composition) of the red seaweed C. crispus was elucidated through hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographyelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS) approach (Melo et al.
2015). Saccharolipids comprising of SQDG and DGDG; glycosphingolipids bearing
ceramide backbones (galactosylceramides); inositolphosphoceramides; and glycerophospholipids comprising of PC, PG, PA, LPC, LPG, and betaine lipids, as well as
some phytyl derivatives, as chlorophylls and pheophytins, were main lipid classes
identified with >180 lipid molecular species. Oxylipin- containing saccharolipids,
SQDGs (30:1-OH, 32:2-OH, 32:1-OH, 34:4-OH, 34:3-OH, 34:2-OH, 34:1-OH,
36:5-OH, and 36:4-OH) and DGDGs (32:2-OH, 34:2-OH, 34:1-OH, 36:5-OH, 36:4OH, and 38:3-OH), were detected for the first time indicating the presence of 14:1OH, 16:1-OH, 18:1-OH, 18:2-OH, and 18:4- OH in chloroplastidic saccharolipid
fraction (Melo et al. 2015). Consecutively, da Costa et al. (2015) also reported the
polar lipidome of Codium tomentosum using CLASS-based lipidomic approach with
HILIC-ESI-MS. The polar lipid profile of C. tomentosum contained >200 species,
including SQDG, sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerols (SQMG), MGDG, DGDG, PC,
PI, PG, PA, LPC, LPG, and di- and monoacyl betaine lipids. SQMG, some lipid
molecular species of monoacyl betaine lipids, were reported for the first time in any
green algae. They also detected DGDG containing hydroxy-PUFAs, DGDG 32:3-OH
(14:0/18:3-OH), and DGDG 32:2- OH (14:0/18:2) in C. tomentosum polar lipidome.
However, earlier reports of using ESI-MS-based targeted lipid profiling also prevail, mainly limited to the isolation and characterization partial lipidome or a few
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl)-2-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-3-Oß-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol and (2S)-1-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)
-2-O-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z- octadecatetraenoyl)-3-Oß-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol,
were identified from Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze by using FAB
tandem mass spectrometry- based saccharolipid-targeted CLASS approach (Kim
et al. 2007). Similarly, Ma et al. (2014) identified ten MGDG molecular species
P. Kumari
biochemical pathways and their interactions with the environment. In seaweeds,
extensive targeted and untargeted lipid analysis have been accomplished for profiling of specific lipid classes (e.g., FAs, oxylipins, glycerolipids, and saccharolipids)
for different purposes such as chemotaxonomic biomarkers, biotechnological applications, and perturbation to external cues (Illijas et al. 2009; Kumari et al. 2013a, b,
2014b, 2015; Küpper et al. 2009; Rempt et al. 2012; Ritter et al. 2014; Weinberger
et al. 2011; Yan et al. 2011). There are only a few lipidomic studies carried out in
seaweeds using LC-MS-based CLASS approach or direct infusion shotgun lipidomic approach discussed herein and enlisted in Table 4.6.
4.5.1 Elucidation of Lipidomic Profiling and Identification
of Novel Lipids
The first polar lipidome (polar lipid along with its FA composition) of the red seaweed C. crispus was elucidated through hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographyelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS) approach (Melo et al.
2015). Saccharolipids comprising of SQDG and DGDG; glycosphingolipids bearing
ceramide backbones (galactosylceramides); inositolphosphoceramides; and glycerophospholipids comprising of PC, PG, PA, LPC, LPG, and betaine lipids, as well as
some phytyl derivatives, as chlorophylls and pheophytins, were main lipid classes
identified with >180 lipid molecular species. Oxylipin- containing saccharolipids,
SQDGs (30:1-OH, 32:2-OH, 32:1-OH, 34:4-OH, 34:3-OH, 34:2-OH, 34:1-OH,
36:5-OH, and 36:4-OH) and DGDGs (32:2-OH, 34:2-OH, 34:1-OH, 36:5-OH, 36:4OH, and 38:3-OH), were detected for the first time indicating the presence of 14:1OH, 16:1-OH, 18:1-OH, 18:2-OH, and 18:4- OH in chloroplastidic saccharolipid
fraction (Melo et al. 2015). Consecutively, da Costa et al. (2015) also reported the
polar lipidome of Codium tomentosum using CLASS-based lipidomic approach with
HILIC-ESI-MS. The polar lipid profile of C. tomentosum contained >200 species,
including SQDG, sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerols (SQMG), MGDG, DGDG, PC,
PI, PG, PA, LPC, LPG, and di- and monoacyl betaine lipids. SQMG, some lipid
molecular species of monoacyl betaine lipids, were reported for the first time in any
green algae. They also detected DGDG containing hydroxy-PUFAs, DGDG 32:3-OH
(14:0/18:3-OH), and DGDG 32:2- OH (14:0/18:2) in C. tomentosum polar lipidome.
However, earlier reports of using ESI-MS-based targeted lipid profiling also prevail, mainly limited to the isolation and characterization partial lipidome or a few
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl)-2-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-3-Oß-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol and (2S)-1-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)
-2-O-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z- octadecatetraenoyl)-3-Oß-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol,
were identified from Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze by using FAB
tandem mass spectrometry- based saccharolipid-targeted CLASS approach (Kim
et al. 2007). Similarly, Ma et al. (2014) identified ten MGDG molecular species
P. Kumari