259
change from vegetative to cyst cells for their survival under adverse environmental
conditions. When stress disappears, astaxanthin molecules and the precursors are
used as carbon sources for restoring the cell growth (Qin et al. 2008).
Various stress conditions alter the accumulation of carotenoids in microalgae.
Table 13.2 summarizes selected studies on oxidative stress-induced carotenoid production from microalgae. Hong et al. (2015) observed enhanced autotrophic astaxanthin
production in H. pluvialis under high temperature via heat stress-driven Haber-Weiss
reaction. High temperature of 30–36°C inhibited the accumulation of astaxanthin
under photoautotrophic conditions, which was mainly due to depression of carotenogenesis attributed to excess levels of less ROS ( O 2
•− and H 2 O 2 ) generated under high
Table 13.2 Summary of selected studies on oxidative stress-induced carotenoid production from
microalgae
Products
Microalgae
Stress condition
Stress
parameters
References
Astaxanthin,
β-carotene,
lutein,
zeaxanthin,
cryptoxanthin
Spirulina platensis
Addition of
2–8 mM H 2 O 2
CAT, APX,
SOD, ascorbic
acid,
glutathione,
tocopherols
El-Baky
et al. (2009)
Carotenoids
Dunaliella salina
Nitrogen depletion
coupled with high
light (240 μmol
m
−2
s
−1
)
Isoforms of
SOD
Saha et al.
(2013)
Astaxanthin,
lutein,
β-carotene
Haematococcus
MT 2877
High light
(250 μmol m
−2 s
−1 )
induction
–
Hu et al.
(2008)
Lutein
Chlorella
protothecoides
Addition of
0.1 mM H 2 O 2 and
0.01 mM NaClO
plus 0.5 mM Fe
2+
–
Wei et al.
(2008)
β-Carotene
Dunaliella salina
1–3 M NaCl
coupled with
addition of 1 mM
n-propyl gallate
Ascorbate,
H 2 O 2 , SOD,
CAT, APX,
MDA
Einali and
Valizadeh
(2015)
β-Carotene
Dunaliella bardawil High light (500 W/
m
2
); addition of
ROS-generating
chemicals
SOD, CAT
Shaish et al.
(1993)
Astaxanthin
Chlorococcum sp.
Addition of
0.1 mM H 2 O 2
–
Ma and Chen
(2001a, b)
Astaxanthin
Chlorella
zofingiensis
Addition of
0.001–10 mM
H 2 O 2 and NaClO
–
Ip and Chen
(2005)
Astaxanthin
Haematococcus
pluvialis
Addition of
450 μM iron
coupled with high
temperature
(30–36°C)
H 2 O 2, O 2
•− ,
1
O 2,
OH
•
Hong et al.
(2015)
13 Oxidative Stress-Induced Bioprospecting of Microalgae
change from vegetative to cyst cells for their survival under adverse environmental
conditions. When stress disappears, astaxanthin molecules and the precursors are
used as carbon sources for restoring the cell growth (Qin et al. 2008).
Various stress conditions alter the accumulation of carotenoids in microalgae.
Table 13.2 summarizes selected studies on oxidative stress-induced carotenoid production from microalgae. Hong et al. (2015) observed enhanced autotrophic astaxanthin
production in H. pluvialis under high temperature via heat stress-driven Haber-Weiss
reaction. High temperature of 30–36°C inhibited the accumulation of astaxanthin
under photoautotrophic conditions, which was mainly due to depression of carotenogenesis attributed to excess levels of less ROS ( O 2
•− and H 2 O 2 ) generated under high
Table 13.2 Summary of selected studies on oxidative stress-induced carotenoid production from
microalgae
Products
Microalgae
Stress condition
Stress
parameters
References
Astaxanthin,
β-carotene,
lutein,
zeaxanthin,
cryptoxanthin
Spirulina platensis
Addition of
2–8 mM H 2 O 2
CAT, APX,
SOD, ascorbic
acid,
glutathione,
tocopherols
El-Baky
et al. (2009)
Carotenoids
Dunaliella salina
Nitrogen depletion
coupled with high
light (240 μmol
m
−2
s
−1
)
Isoforms of
SOD
Saha et al.
(2013)
Astaxanthin,
lutein,
β-carotene
Haematococcus
MT 2877
High light
(250 μmol m
−2 s
−1 )
induction
–
Hu et al.
(2008)
Lutein
Chlorella
protothecoides
Addition of
0.1 mM H 2 O 2 and
0.01 mM NaClO
plus 0.5 mM Fe
2+
–
Wei et al.
(2008)
β-Carotene
Dunaliella salina
1–3 M NaCl
coupled with
addition of 1 mM
n-propyl gallate
Ascorbate,
H 2 O 2 , SOD,
CAT, APX,
MDA
Einali and
Valizadeh
(2015)
β-Carotene
Dunaliella bardawil High light (500 W/
m
2
); addition of
ROS-generating
chemicals
SOD, CAT
Shaish et al.
(1993)
Astaxanthin
Chlorococcum sp.
Addition of
0.1 mM H 2 O 2
–
Ma and Chen
(2001a, b)
Astaxanthin
Chlorella
zofingiensis
Addition of
0.001–10 mM
H 2 O 2 and NaClO
–
Ip and Chen
(2005)
Astaxanthin
Haematococcus
pluvialis
Addition of
450 μM iron
coupled with high
temperature
(30–36°C)
H 2 O 2, O 2
•− ,
1
O 2,
OH
•
Hong et al.
(2015)
13 Oxidative Stress-Induced Bioprospecting of Microalgae