124
which is possibly a result of an energy-costly process of the immune system.
Procaccini et al. (2017) demonstrate that transcription rate in shallow plants is
higher than those in deep waters. This is supported by upregulation of chlorophyll
a/b-binding protein and RuBisCO-activated proteins. In shallow plants the translation of RuBisCO protein is in maximal abundance before dawn, so that by sunrise
the plants are ready to take maximum advantage of light for photosynthesis. Thus,
RuBisCO levels decreased to a minimum at sunset. On the other hand, deepwater
plants exhibit low RuBisCO levels at sunrise due to the upregulation of their corresponding transcripts (ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase small chain 5B) which
cause later during the day sunlight increased RuBisCO levels (Procaccini et al.
2017). In terms of cellular energetic metabolism, Procaccini et al. (2017) observed
at sunrise the same high levels of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GADPH) among shallow and deepwater plants, thus supporting the fact that
respiratory responses were the highest during the full light hours of the day. It has
been shown that respiration rate is also similar for other seagrasses like Z. marina
regardless of depth distribution, even though in shallow water plants the photosynthetic rate was higher (Dennison and Alberte 1986).
6.2.3 Metabolomics
Metabolomics is the study of the intermediates and the products of metabolism with
high-throughput techniques. In plant metabolomics, primary and secondary metabolites are usually referred; the first is directly implicated in development, growth,
and reproduction, and the second does not affect survivability of organisms, but
may affect homeostasis in a long-term impairment.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are
among the most recent technologies available to perform throughput metabolite
profiling and are currently commonly used, for instance, οn documenting interactions of marine plants with their environment. The most common techniques to
separate molecules before identification are gas chromatography (GC) and liquid
chromatography (LC), even if other techniques have been developed. For example,
reverse-phase HPLC was utilized to measure phenolic substances in marine seagrasses (Arnold et al. 2012).
Environmental disturbances can alter the metabolomic profile of seagrasses.
Cellular mechanisms act toward sustaining homeostasis and tolerating stressful
periods. Zostera marina drafts the carbon nitrogen metabolism by the alanine,
GABA, and 2-oxoglutarate shunt as anoxia tolerance mechanisms (HaslerSheetal et al. 2015). A recent application of metabolomics is the identification of
bioactive compounds from Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea serrulata
which could act as antifouling agents. These substances were characterized as
lipidic metabolites such as of high molecular weight fatty acids and its esters
(Iyapparaj et al. 2014).
E.E. Malandrakis et al.
which is possibly a result of an energy-costly process of the immune system.
Procaccini et al. (2017) demonstrate that transcription rate in shallow plants is
higher than those in deep waters. This is supported by upregulation of chlorophyll
a/b-binding protein and RuBisCO-activated proteins. In shallow plants the translation of RuBisCO protein is in maximal abundance before dawn, so that by sunrise
the plants are ready to take maximum advantage of light for photosynthesis. Thus,
RuBisCO levels decreased to a minimum at sunset. On the other hand, deepwater
plants exhibit low RuBisCO levels at sunrise due to the upregulation of their corresponding transcripts (ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase small chain 5B) which
cause later during the day sunlight increased RuBisCO levels (Procaccini et al.
2017). In terms of cellular energetic metabolism, Procaccini et al. (2017) observed
at sunrise the same high levels of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GADPH) among shallow and deepwater plants, thus supporting the fact that
respiratory responses were the highest during the full light hours of the day. It has
been shown that respiration rate is also similar for other seagrasses like Z. marina
regardless of depth distribution, even though in shallow water plants the photosynthetic rate was higher (Dennison and Alberte 1986).
6.2.3 Metabolomics
Metabolomics is the study of the intermediates and the products of metabolism with
high-throughput techniques. In plant metabolomics, primary and secondary metabolites are usually referred; the first is directly implicated in development, growth,
and reproduction, and the second does not affect survivability of organisms, but
may affect homeostasis in a long-term impairment.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are
among the most recent technologies available to perform throughput metabolite
profiling and are currently commonly used, for instance, οn documenting interactions of marine plants with their environment. The most common techniques to
separate molecules before identification are gas chromatography (GC) and liquid
chromatography (LC), even if other techniques have been developed. For example,
reverse-phase HPLC was utilized to measure phenolic substances in marine seagrasses (Arnold et al. 2012).
Environmental disturbances can alter the metabolomic profile of seagrasses.
Cellular mechanisms act toward sustaining homeostasis and tolerating stressful
periods. Zostera marina drafts the carbon nitrogen metabolism by the alanine,
GABA, and 2-oxoglutarate shunt as anoxia tolerance mechanisms (HaslerSheetal et al. 2015). A recent application of metabolomics is the identification of
bioactive compounds from Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea serrulata
which could act as antifouling agents. These substances were characterized as
lipidic metabolites such as of high molecular weight fatty acids and its esters
(Iyapparaj et al. 2014).
E.E. Malandrakis et al.