42
over time, seasonality, etc., and on the objectives
of the study.
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge W.K.
Lauenroth for helpful discussions about many of
the ideas described in this chapter and J.M. Paruelo
and D. Binkley for insightful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
References
Aber, lD.; Melillo, lM. Terrestrial Ecosystems. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1991.
Binkley, D.; O'Connell, A; Sankaran, K. Stand development and productivity. In: Sadanandan N.; Brown
A, eds. Management of Soil, Nutrients and Water in
Tropical Plantation Forests. Canberra: Australian
Centre for International Agriculture Research; 1997:
419-441.
Biondini, M.E.; Lauenroth, WK.; Sala, O.E. Correcting
estimates of net primary production: Are we overestimating plant production in rangelands? l Range
Manage. 44:194-197; 1991.
Bormann, B.T.; Gordon, lC. Stand density effects in
young red alder plantations: Productivity, photosynthate partitioning, and nitrogen fixation. Ecology
65:394-402; 1984.
Brown, S.; Iverson, L.R. Biomass estimates for tropical
forests. World Resourc. Rev. 4:366-384; 1992.
Currie, PO.; Morris, M.I.; Neal, D.L. Uses and capabilities of electronic capacitance instruments for estimating standing herbage. Part 2. Sown Ranges. J. Br.
Grassland Soc. 28:155-160; 1973.
Curtin, R.A. Dynamics of tree and crown structure in
Eucalyptus obliqua. For. Sci. 16:321-328; 1970.
Curtis, R.O.; Reukema, D.L. Crown development and
site estimates in a Douglas fir plantation spacing test.
For. Sci. 16:287-301; 1970.
Fernandez, R.I.; Sala, O.E.; Golluscio, R.A Woody and
herbaceous aboveground production of a Patagonian
steppe. l Range Manage. 44:434-437; 1991.
Frank, D.A.; McNaughton, SJ. Aboveground biomass
estimation with the canopy intercept method: A plant
growth form caveat. Oikos 57:57-60; 1990.
Freedman, B. The relationship between the aboveground
dry weight and diameter for a wide size range of erect
land plants. Can. l Bot. 62:2370-2374; 1983.
Greig-Smith, P. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Oxford:
Blackwell; 1983.
Lauenroth, WK.; Hunt, H.W; Swift, D.M.; Singh, J.S.
Estimating aboveground net primary production in
grasslands: A simulation approach. Ecol. Model.
33:297-314; 1986.
Osvaldo E. Sala and Amy T. Austin
Li-Cor. LAl 2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer Operating
Manual. Lincoln, NE: Li-Cor Inc.; 1992.
McNaughton, SJ.; Oesterheld, M.; Frank, D.A.; Williams, KJ. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature
341:142-144; 1989.
Neal, D.L.; Currie, P.O.; Morris, MJ. Sampling herbaceous native vegetation with an electronic capacitance
instrument. J. Range Manage. 29:74-77; 1976.
Neal, D.L.; Neal, J.L. Uses and capabilities of electronic
capacitance instruments for estimating herbage. Part
1. History and development. l Br. Grassland Soc.
28:81-89; 1973.
Newbould, P. Methods for Estimating the Primary Production of Forests. Oxford: Blackwell; 1970.
Odum, E. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1971.
Ogden, AE.; Schmidt, M.G. Litterfall and soil characteristics in canopy gaps occupied by vine maple in a
coastal western hemlock forest. C. l Soil Sci. 77:703711; 1998.
O'Neill, R. Error analysis of ecological models. In: Nelson 0., ed. Radionuclides in Ecosystems. Washington,
DC: USAEC-CONF Technical Information Division;
1973: 898-908.
Raich, lW; Russell, AE.; Vitousek, P.M. Primary productivity and ecosystem development on Mauna Loa,
Hawaii. Ecology 78:707-721; 1997.
Sala, 0.; Deregibus, V.; Schlichter, T.; Alippe, H. Productivity dynamics of a native temperate grassland in
Argentina. J. Range Manage. 34:48-51; 1981.
Sala, O.E.; Biondini, M.E.; Lauenroth, WK. Bias in estimates of primary production: An analytical solution.
Ecol. Model. 44:43-55; 1988.
Scheaffer, R.; Mendenhall, W; Ott L. Elementary Survey
Sampling. North Scituate, Ma: Duxbury; 1979.
Singh, J.S.; Lauenroth, WK.; Hunt, H.W; Swift, D.M.
Bias and random errors in estimators of net root production: A simulation approach. Ecology 65: 17601764; 1984.
Singh, lS.; Lauenroth, WK.; Steinhorst, R.K. Review
and assessment of various techniques for estimating
net aerial primary production in grasslands from harvest data. Bot. Rev. 41:181-232; 1975.
Singh, S.P.; Adhikari, B.S.; Zobel, D.B. Biomass,
productivity, leaf longevity and forest structure in
the central Himalaya. Ecol. Monogr. 64:401-421;
1994.
Vickery, P.J.; Bennett, I.L.; Nicol, G.R. An improved
electronic capacitance meter for estimating herbage
mass. Grass Forage Sci. 35:247-252; 1980.
Whittaker, R.; Marks, P Methods of assessing terrestrial
productivity. In: Lieth H.; Whittaker R., eds. Primary
over time, seasonality, etc., and on the objectives
of the study.
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge W.K.
Lauenroth for helpful discussions about many of
the ideas described in this chapter and J.M. Paruelo
and D. Binkley for insightful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
References
Aber, lD.; Melillo, lM. Terrestrial Ecosystems. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1991.
Binkley, D.; O'Connell, A; Sankaran, K. Stand development and productivity. In: Sadanandan N.; Brown
A, eds. Management of Soil, Nutrients and Water in
Tropical Plantation Forests. Canberra: Australian
Centre for International Agriculture Research; 1997:
419-441.
Biondini, M.E.; Lauenroth, WK.; Sala, O.E. Correcting
estimates of net primary production: Are we overestimating plant production in rangelands? l Range
Manage. 44:194-197; 1991.
Bormann, B.T.; Gordon, lC. Stand density effects in
young red alder plantations: Productivity, photosynthate partitioning, and nitrogen fixation. Ecology
65:394-402; 1984.
Brown, S.; Iverson, L.R. Biomass estimates for tropical
forests. World Resourc. Rev. 4:366-384; 1992.
Currie, PO.; Morris, M.I.; Neal, D.L. Uses and capabilities of electronic capacitance instruments for estimating standing herbage. Part 2. Sown Ranges. J. Br.
Grassland Soc. 28:155-160; 1973.
Curtin, R.A. Dynamics of tree and crown structure in
Eucalyptus obliqua. For. Sci. 16:321-328; 1970.
Curtis, R.O.; Reukema, D.L. Crown development and
site estimates in a Douglas fir plantation spacing test.
For. Sci. 16:287-301; 1970.
Fernandez, R.I.; Sala, O.E.; Golluscio, R.A Woody and
herbaceous aboveground production of a Patagonian
steppe. l Range Manage. 44:434-437; 1991.
Frank, D.A.; McNaughton, SJ. Aboveground biomass
estimation with the canopy intercept method: A plant
growth form caveat. Oikos 57:57-60; 1990.
Freedman, B. The relationship between the aboveground
dry weight and diameter for a wide size range of erect
land plants. Can. l Bot. 62:2370-2374; 1983.
Greig-Smith, P. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Oxford:
Blackwell; 1983.
Lauenroth, WK.; Hunt, H.W; Swift, D.M.; Singh, J.S.
Estimating aboveground net primary production in
grasslands: A simulation approach. Ecol. Model.
33:297-314; 1986.
Osvaldo E. Sala and Amy T. Austin
Li-Cor. LAl 2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer Operating
Manual. Lincoln, NE: Li-Cor Inc.; 1992.
McNaughton, SJ.; Oesterheld, M.; Frank, D.A.; Williams, KJ. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature
341:142-144; 1989.
Neal, D.L.; Currie, P.O.; Morris, MJ. Sampling herbaceous native vegetation with an electronic capacitance
instrument. J. Range Manage. 29:74-77; 1976.
Neal, D.L.; Neal, J.L. Uses and capabilities of electronic
capacitance instruments for estimating herbage. Part
1. History and development. l Br. Grassland Soc.
28:81-89; 1973.
Newbould, P. Methods for Estimating the Primary Production of Forests. Oxford: Blackwell; 1970.
Odum, E. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1971.
Ogden, AE.; Schmidt, M.G. Litterfall and soil characteristics in canopy gaps occupied by vine maple in a
coastal western hemlock forest. C. l Soil Sci. 77:703711; 1998.
O'Neill, R. Error analysis of ecological models. In: Nelson 0., ed. Radionuclides in Ecosystems. Washington,
DC: USAEC-CONF Technical Information Division;
1973: 898-908.
Raich, lW; Russell, AE.; Vitousek, P.M. Primary productivity and ecosystem development on Mauna Loa,
Hawaii. Ecology 78:707-721; 1997.
Sala, 0.; Deregibus, V.; Schlichter, T.; Alippe, H. Productivity dynamics of a native temperate grassland in
Argentina. J. Range Manage. 34:48-51; 1981.
Sala, O.E.; Biondini, M.E.; Lauenroth, WK. Bias in estimates of primary production: An analytical solution.
Ecol. Model. 44:43-55; 1988.
Scheaffer, R.; Mendenhall, W; Ott L. Elementary Survey
Sampling. North Scituate, Ma: Duxbury; 1979.
Singh, J.S.; Lauenroth, WK.; Hunt, H.W; Swift, D.M.
Bias and random errors in estimators of net root production: A simulation approach. Ecology 65: 17601764; 1984.
Singh, lS.; Lauenroth, WK.; Steinhorst, R.K. Review
and assessment of various techniques for estimating
net aerial primary production in grasslands from harvest data. Bot. Rev. 41:181-232; 1975.
Singh, S.P.; Adhikari, B.S.; Zobel, D.B. Biomass,
productivity, leaf longevity and forest structure in
the central Himalaya. Ecol. Monogr. 64:401-421;
1994.
Vickery, P.J.; Bennett, I.L.; Nicol, G.R. An improved
electronic capacitance meter for estimating herbage
mass. Grass Forage Sci. 35:247-252; 1980.
Whittaker, R.; Marks, P Methods of assessing terrestrial
productivity. In: Lieth H.; Whittaker R., eds. Primary