25. Ecosystem Modeling
Friend, A.D.; Shugart, H.H.; Running, S.w. A
physiology-based model of forest dynamics. Ecology
74:792-797; 1993.
Hearon, K.Z. The kinetics of linear systems with special
reference to periodic reactions. Bull. Math. Biophys.
15:121-141; 1953.
Holling, C.S. Principles of insect predation. Annu. Rev.
Entomol. 6:163-182; 1961.
Holling, C.S. The analysis of complex population processes. Can. Entomol. 96:335-347; 1964.
Huston, M.; DeAngelis, D.L.; Post, W.M. New computer
models unify ecological theory. BioScience 38:682691; 1988.
Jf)rgensen, S.E. Fundamentals of Ecological Modeling.
Amsterdam; Elsevier; 1986.
Levins, R. The quantitative analysis of partially specified
systems. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 231:123-138; 1974.
Lieth, H. Modeling the primary productivity of the world
(pp. 237-263). In: Leith, H.; Whittaker, R.H., eds. Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1975:237-263.
Lindeman, R.L. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.
Ecology 23:399-418.
Lomnicki, A. Population Ecology of Individuals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Pr.; 1988.
Mankin, J.B.; O'Neill, R.V.; Shugart, H.H.; Rust, B.W.
The importance of validation in ecosystem analysis.
In: Innis, G.S., ed. New Directions in the Analysis of
Ecological Systems. Part I. LaJolla, CA: Simulation
Councils of America, 1977:63-71.
McIntosh, R.P. The Background of Ecology: Concept and
Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr.; 1985.
Meentenmeyer, V. Macroclimate and lignin control of litter decomposition rates. Ecology 59:465-472; 1978.
Montieth, J.L. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical
ecosystems. J. Appl. Ecol. 9:747-766; 1972.
Odum, E.P. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia:
Saunders; 1953.
Odum, E.P. Energy flow in ecosystems: A historical review. Am. Zool. 8:11-18; 1968.
Odum, H.T. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver
Springs, Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 27:55-112; 1955.
Odum, H.T. Systems Ecology. New York: Wiley; 1983.
Ojima, D., ed. Modeling the Earth System. Boulder, CO:
UCAR/Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies;
1992.
Parton, WJ. Abiotic section of ELM. In: Innis, G.S., ed.
Grassland Simulation Model. Ecological Studies 26.
New York: Springer-Verlag; 1978:31-53.
Parton, WJ.; Schimel, D.S.; Cole, C.Y.; Ojima, D. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic levels of grasslands of the Great Plains. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
51:1173-1179; 1987.
Parton, WJ., Stewart, J.W.B.; and Cole, C.Y. Dynamics
of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: A model. Biogeochemistry 5:109-131; 1988.
387
Patten, B.C. A primer for ecological modeling and simulation with analog and digital computers. In: Patten,
B.e.; ed. Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology.
Vol. I. New York: Academic; 1971:4-121.
Penman, H.L. Natural evaporation from open water, soil
and grass. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 193:120-145; 1948.
Petersen, C.GJ. The Sea Bottom and Its Production of
Fish Food. Reports of the Danish Biological Station.
No. 25. 1918:1-62.
Rohlf, F.J.; Davenport, D. Simulation of simple models
of animal behavior with a digital computer. 1. Theor.
BioI. 23:400-424; 1969.
Rosenzweig, M.L. Net primary productivity of terrestrial
communities: Prediction from climatological data.
Am. Nat. 102:67-74; 1968.
Running, S.w.; Coughlan, 1.e. A general model of forest
ecosystem processes for regional applications I. Hydrological balance, canopy gas exchange and primary
production processes. Ecol. Model. 42:125-154;
1988.
Running, S.w.; Nemani, R.R. 1988. Relating seasonal
patterns of the AVHRR vegetation index to simulated
photosynthesis and transpiration of forests in different
climates. Remote Sens. Environ. 24:347-367; 1988.
Running, S.w.; Nemani, R.R.; Peterson, D.L.; Band,
L.E.; Potts, D.F.; Peirce, L.L.; Spanner, M.A. Mapping
regional forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis
by coupling satellite data with ecosystem simulation.
Ecology 70:1090-1101; 1989.
Semper, K. Animal Life as Affected by the Natural Conditions of Existence. New York: Appleton; 1881.
Sheppard, C.w.; Householder, A.S. The mathematical
basis of the interpretation of tracer experiments in
closed, steady-state systems. 1. Appl. Phys. 22:510520; 1951.
Shugart, H.H. A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models.
New York: Springer-Verlag; 1984.
Shugart, H.H.; Terrestrial Ecosystems in Changing Environments. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr.; 1998.
Shugart, H.H.; O'Neill, R.Y., eds. Systems Ecology.
Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross;
1979.
Shugart, H.H.; Smith, T.M.; Post, W.M. The application
of individual-based simulation models for assessing
the effects of global change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
23:15-38; 1992.
Shugart, H.H.; West, D.C. Forest succession models.
BioScience 30:308-313; 1980.
Smith, J.M. Models in Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge
Univ. Pr.; 1974.
Solomon, A.K. Equations for tracer experiments. 1. Clin.
Invest. 28:1297-1307; 1949.
Teorell, T. Kinetics of distribution of substances administered to the body. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 57:205240; 1937.
Friend, A.D.; Shugart, H.H.; Running, S.w. A
physiology-based model of forest dynamics. Ecology
74:792-797; 1993.
Hearon, K.Z. The kinetics of linear systems with special
reference to periodic reactions. Bull. Math. Biophys.
15:121-141; 1953.
Holling, C.S. Principles of insect predation. Annu. Rev.
Entomol. 6:163-182; 1961.
Holling, C.S. The analysis of complex population processes. Can. Entomol. 96:335-347; 1964.
Huston, M.; DeAngelis, D.L.; Post, W.M. New computer
models unify ecological theory. BioScience 38:682691; 1988.
Jf)rgensen, S.E. Fundamentals of Ecological Modeling.
Amsterdam; Elsevier; 1986.
Levins, R. The quantitative analysis of partially specified
systems. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 231:123-138; 1974.
Lieth, H. Modeling the primary productivity of the world
(pp. 237-263). In: Leith, H.; Whittaker, R.H., eds. Primary Productivity of the Biosphere. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1975:237-263.
Lindeman, R.L. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology.
Ecology 23:399-418.
Lomnicki, A. Population Ecology of Individuals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Pr.; 1988.
Mankin, J.B.; O'Neill, R.V.; Shugart, H.H.; Rust, B.W.
The importance of validation in ecosystem analysis.
In: Innis, G.S., ed. New Directions in the Analysis of
Ecological Systems. Part I. LaJolla, CA: Simulation
Councils of America, 1977:63-71.
McIntosh, R.P. The Background of Ecology: Concept and
Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr.; 1985.
Meentenmeyer, V. Macroclimate and lignin control of litter decomposition rates. Ecology 59:465-472; 1978.
Montieth, J.L. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical
ecosystems. J. Appl. Ecol. 9:747-766; 1972.
Odum, E.P. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia:
Saunders; 1953.
Odum, E.P. Energy flow in ecosystems: A historical review. Am. Zool. 8:11-18; 1968.
Odum, H.T. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver
Springs, Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 27:55-112; 1955.
Odum, H.T. Systems Ecology. New York: Wiley; 1983.
Ojima, D., ed. Modeling the Earth System. Boulder, CO:
UCAR/Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies;
1992.
Parton, WJ. Abiotic section of ELM. In: Innis, G.S., ed.
Grassland Simulation Model. Ecological Studies 26.
New York: Springer-Verlag; 1978:31-53.
Parton, WJ.; Schimel, D.S.; Cole, C.Y.; Ojima, D. Analysis of factors controlling soil organic levels of grasslands of the Great Plains. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
51:1173-1179; 1987.
Parton, WJ., Stewart, J.W.B.; and Cole, C.Y. Dynamics
of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: A model. Biogeochemistry 5:109-131; 1988.
387
Patten, B.C. A primer for ecological modeling and simulation with analog and digital computers. In: Patten,
B.e.; ed. Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology.
Vol. I. New York: Academic; 1971:4-121.
Penman, H.L. Natural evaporation from open water, soil
and grass. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 193:120-145; 1948.
Petersen, C.GJ. The Sea Bottom and Its Production of
Fish Food. Reports of the Danish Biological Station.
No. 25. 1918:1-62.
Rohlf, F.J.; Davenport, D. Simulation of simple models
of animal behavior with a digital computer. 1. Theor.
BioI. 23:400-424; 1969.
Rosenzweig, M.L. Net primary productivity of terrestrial
communities: Prediction from climatological data.
Am. Nat. 102:67-74; 1968.
Running, S.w.; Coughlan, 1.e. A general model of forest
ecosystem processes for regional applications I. Hydrological balance, canopy gas exchange and primary
production processes. Ecol. Model. 42:125-154;
1988.
Running, S.w.; Nemani, R.R. 1988. Relating seasonal
patterns of the AVHRR vegetation index to simulated
photosynthesis and transpiration of forests in different
climates. Remote Sens. Environ. 24:347-367; 1988.
Running, S.w.; Nemani, R.R.; Peterson, D.L.; Band,
L.E.; Potts, D.F.; Peirce, L.L.; Spanner, M.A. Mapping
regional forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis
by coupling satellite data with ecosystem simulation.
Ecology 70:1090-1101; 1989.
Semper, K. Animal Life as Affected by the Natural Conditions of Existence. New York: Appleton; 1881.
Sheppard, C.w.; Householder, A.S. The mathematical
basis of the interpretation of tracer experiments in
closed, steady-state systems. 1. Appl. Phys. 22:510520; 1951.
Shugart, H.H. A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models.
New York: Springer-Verlag; 1984.
Shugart, H.H.; Terrestrial Ecosystems in Changing Environments. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr.; 1998.
Shugart, H.H.; O'Neill, R.Y., eds. Systems Ecology.
Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross;
1979.
Shugart, H.H.; Smith, T.M.; Post, W.M. The application
of individual-based simulation models for assessing
the effects of global change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
23:15-38; 1992.
Shugart, H.H.; West, D.C. Forest succession models.
BioScience 30:308-313; 1980.
Smith, J.M. Models in Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge
Univ. Pr.; 1974.
Solomon, A.K. Equations for tracer experiments. 1. Clin.
Invest. 28:1297-1307; 1949.
Teorell, T. Kinetics of distribution of substances administered to the body. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 57:205240; 1937.