16. Ecosystem Nutrient Balance and Dynamics
Qualls, R.G.; Haines, B.L. Biodegradability of dissolved
organic matter in forest throughfall, soil solution, and
stream water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:578-586; 1992.
Quideau, S.A; Chadwick, O.A; Wood, H.B. Base cation
biogeochemistry and weathering under oak and pine:
A controlled long-term experiment. Biogeochemistry
35:377-397; 1996.
Reinhart, KG.; Pierce, R.S. Stream-Gaging Stations for
Research on Small Watersheds. Agriculture Handbook
268. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A Forest Service; 1964.
Reynolds, R.C.; Johnson, N.M. Chemical weathering in
the temperate glacial environment of the Northern
Cascade Mountains. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
36:537-554; 1972.
Rustad, L.E.; Fernandez, I.J.; David, M.B.; Mitchell,
M.J.; Nadelhoffer, KJ.; Fuller, R.B. Experimental soil
acidification and recovery at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60:1933-1943;
1996.
Rustad, L.E.; Kahl, J.S.; Norton, S.A; Fernandez, I.J.
Underestimation of dry deposition by throughfall in
mixed northern hardwood forests. J. Hydrol. 162:319336; 1994.
Scholefield, D.; Hawkins, J.M.B.; Jackson, S.M. Development of a helium atmosphere soil incubation technique for direct measurement of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen fluxes during denitrification. Soil BioI.
Biochem. 29:1345; 1997.
Seely, B.; Lajtha, K Application of a 15N tracer to simulate and track the fate of atmospherically-deposited
N in the coastal forests of the Waquoit Bay Watershed,
Cape Cod, MA. Oecologia 112:393-402; 1997.
Seely, B.; Lajtha, K; Salvucci, G. The dynamics of N
fluxes from canopy to ground water in a coastal forest
ecosystem developed on sandy substrates. Biogeochemistry 42:325-343; 1998.
Seitzinger, S.P.; Nielsen, L.P.; Cafrey, J.; Christensen,
P.B. Denitrification measurements in aquatic sediments: A comparison of three methods. Biogeochemistry 23:147-169; 1993.
Semkin, R.G.; Jeffries, D.S.; Clair, T.A. Hydrochemical
methods and relationships for study of stream output
from small catchments. In: Moldan, B.; Cerny, J., eds.
Biogeochemistry of Small Catchments. Chichester,
UK: Wiley; 1994:163-187.
Shepard, J.P.; Mitchell, MJ.; Scott, T.J.; Zhang, Y.M.;
Raynal, DJ. Measurement of wet and dry deposition
in a northern hardwood forest. Water Air Soil Pollut
48:225-238; 1989.
Silvester, w.B. Molybdenum limitation of asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in forests of Pacific Northwest America. Soil BioI. Biochem. 21:283-289; 1989.
Sollins, P.; McCorison, EM. Nitrogen and carbon solution chemistry of an old growth coniferous forest wa263
tershed before and after cutting. Water Resourc. Res.
17:1409-1418; 1981.
Starns, AJ.M.; Bootlink, H.W.G.; Lutke-Schipholt, I.J.;
Beemsterboer, B.; Woittiez, J.R.W.; Van Breemen, N.
A field study on the fate of 15N-ammonium to demonstrate nitrification of atmospheric ammonium in
an acid forest soil. Biogeochemistry 13:241-255;
1991.
Stoddard, J.L. Long-term changes in watershed retention
of nitrogen: Its causes and aquatic consequences. In:
Baker, L.A, ed. Environmental Chemistry of Lakes
and Reservoirs. Washington, DC American Chemical
Society; 1994:223-284.
Stohlgren, TJ.; Melack, J.M.; Esperanza, AM.; Parsons,
D.J. Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant
sequoia-mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra
Nevada, California. Biogeochemistry 12:207-230;
1991.
Stottlemyer, R. Monitoring and quality assurance procedures for the study of remote watershed ecosystems.
In: Boyle, T.P., ed. New Approaches to Monitoring
Aquatic Ecosystems. ASTM STP 940. Philadelphia,
PA: American Society for Testing and Materials;
1987: 189-198.
Stottlemyer, R.; Troendle; C.A Nutrient concentration
patterns in streams draining alpine and subalpine
catchments, Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. J.
Hydrol. 140:179-208; 1992.
Tietema, A; Emmett, B.A; Gundersen, P.; Kjonaas, OJ.;
Koopmans, CJ. The fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen deposition in coniferous forest ecosystems. For. Ecol.
Manage. 101:19-28; 1998.
Tietema, A; Verstraten, J.M. Nitrogen cycling in an acid
forest ecosystem in the Netherlands under increased
atmospheric nitrogen inputs. Biogeochemistry 15:2146; 1991.
Tietema, A; Wright, R.E; Blanck, K; Boxman, AW.;
Bredemeier, M.; Emmett, B.A; Gundersen, P.; Hultberg, H.; Kjonaas, O.J.; Moldan, E; Roelofs, J.G.M.;
Schleppi, P.; Stuanes, AO.; Van Breemen, N. NITREX: The timing of response of coniferous forest
ecosystems to experimentally-changed nitrogen deposition. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85:1623-1628;
1995.
Ulery, A.L.; Graham, R.C.; Chadwick, O.A.; Wood, H.B.
Decade-scale changes of soil carbon, nitrogen, and exchangeable cations under chaparral and pine. Geoderma 65:121-134; 1995.
Valiela, I.; Collins, G.; Kremer, J.; Lajtha, K; Geist, M.;
Seely, B.; Brawley, J.; Sham; C.H. Nitrogen loading
from coastal watersheds to receiving estuaries: New
method and application. Ecol. Applic. 7:358-380;
1997.
Qualls, R.G.; Haines, B.L. Biodegradability of dissolved
organic matter in forest throughfall, soil solution, and
stream water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:578-586; 1992.
Quideau, S.A; Chadwick, O.A; Wood, H.B. Base cation
biogeochemistry and weathering under oak and pine:
A controlled long-term experiment. Biogeochemistry
35:377-397; 1996.
Reinhart, KG.; Pierce, R.S. Stream-Gaging Stations for
Research on Small Watersheds. Agriculture Handbook
268. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A Forest Service; 1964.
Reynolds, R.C.; Johnson, N.M. Chemical weathering in
the temperate glacial environment of the Northern
Cascade Mountains. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
36:537-554; 1972.
Rustad, L.E.; Fernandez, I.J.; David, M.B.; Mitchell,
M.J.; Nadelhoffer, KJ.; Fuller, R.B. Experimental soil
acidification and recovery at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60:1933-1943;
1996.
Rustad, L.E.; Kahl, J.S.; Norton, S.A; Fernandez, I.J.
Underestimation of dry deposition by throughfall in
mixed northern hardwood forests. J. Hydrol. 162:319336; 1994.
Scholefield, D.; Hawkins, J.M.B.; Jackson, S.M. Development of a helium atmosphere soil incubation technique for direct measurement of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen fluxes during denitrification. Soil BioI.
Biochem. 29:1345; 1997.
Seely, B.; Lajtha, K Application of a 15N tracer to simulate and track the fate of atmospherically-deposited
N in the coastal forests of the Waquoit Bay Watershed,
Cape Cod, MA. Oecologia 112:393-402; 1997.
Seely, B.; Lajtha, K; Salvucci, G. The dynamics of N
fluxes from canopy to ground water in a coastal forest
ecosystem developed on sandy substrates. Biogeochemistry 42:325-343; 1998.
Seitzinger, S.P.; Nielsen, L.P.; Cafrey, J.; Christensen,
P.B. Denitrification measurements in aquatic sediments: A comparison of three methods. Biogeochemistry 23:147-169; 1993.
Semkin, R.G.; Jeffries, D.S.; Clair, T.A. Hydrochemical
methods and relationships for study of stream output
from small catchments. In: Moldan, B.; Cerny, J., eds.
Biogeochemistry of Small Catchments. Chichester,
UK: Wiley; 1994:163-187.
Shepard, J.P.; Mitchell, MJ.; Scott, T.J.; Zhang, Y.M.;
Raynal, DJ. Measurement of wet and dry deposition
in a northern hardwood forest. Water Air Soil Pollut
48:225-238; 1989.
Silvester, w.B. Molybdenum limitation of asymbiotic nitrogen fixation in forests of Pacific Northwest America. Soil BioI. Biochem. 21:283-289; 1989.
Sollins, P.; McCorison, EM. Nitrogen and carbon solution chemistry of an old growth coniferous forest wa263
tershed before and after cutting. Water Resourc. Res.
17:1409-1418; 1981.
Starns, AJ.M.; Bootlink, H.W.G.; Lutke-Schipholt, I.J.;
Beemsterboer, B.; Woittiez, J.R.W.; Van Breemen, N.
A field study on the fate of 15N-ammonium to demonstrate nitrification of atmospheric ammonium in
an acid forest soil. Biogeochemistry 13:241-255;
1991.
Stoddard, J.L. Long-term changes in watershed retention
of nitrogen: Its causes and aquatic consequences. In:
Baker, L.A, ed. Environmental Chemistry of Lakes
and Reservoirs. Washington, DC American Chemical
Society; 1994:223-284.
Stohlgren, TJ.; Melack, J.M.; Esperanza, AM.; Parsons,
D.J. Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant
sequoia-mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra
Nevada, California. Biogeochemistry 12:207-230;
1991.
Stottlemyer, R. Monitoring and quality assurance procedures for the study of remote watershed ecosystems.
In: Boyle, T.P., ed. New Approaches to Monitoring
Aquatic Ecosystems. ASTM STP 940. Philadelphia,
PA: American Society for Testing and Materials;
1987: 189-198.
Stottlemyer, R.; Troendle; C.A Nutrient concentration
patterns in streams draining alpine and subalpine
catchments, Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. J.
Hydrol. 140:179-208; 1992.
Tietema, A; Emmett, B.A; Gundersen, P.; Kjonaas, OJ.;
Koopmans, CJ. The fate of 15N-labelled nitrogen deposition in coniferous forest ecosystems. For. Ecol.
Manage. 101:19-28; 1998.
Tietema, A; Verstraten, J.M. Nitrogen cycling in an acid
forest ecosystem in the Netherlands under increased
atmospheric nitrogen inputs. Biogeochemistry 15:2146; 1991.
Tietema, A; Wright, R.E; Blanck, K; Boxman, AW.;
Bredemeier, M.; Emmett, B.A; Gundersen, P.; Hultberg, H.; Kjonaas, O.J.; Moldan, E; Roelofs, J.G.M.;
Schleppi, P.; Stuanes, AO.; Van Breemen, N. NITREX: The timing of response of coniferous forest
ecosystems to experimentally-changed nitrogen deposition. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85:1623-1628;
1995.
Ulery, A.L.; Graham, R.C.; Chadwick, O.A.; Wood, H.B.
Decade-scale changes of soil carbon, nitrogen, and exchangeable cations under chaparral and pine. Geoderma 65:121-134; 1995.
Valiela, I.; Collins, G.; Kremer, J.; Lajtha, K; Geist, M.;
Seely, B.; Brawley, J.; Sham; C.H. Nitrogen loading
from coastal watersheds to receiving estuaries: New
method and application. Ecol. Applic. 7:358-380;
1997.