12. Assessing Ecosystem-Level Water Relations Through Stable Isotope Ratio Analyses
195
existed between the 0 18 0 values of source water
and bone phosphate. Ecological applications have
included studies of the distribution of white-tailed
deer across North America (Luz et al. 1990). Similar approaches have been used to show that the oD
values of bone phosphate and bone gelatin also reflect source waters (Cormie et al. 1994). More recently, Hobson and Wassenaar (1997) have shown
that the oD and 0 18 0 values of bird feathers also
reflect that of their source water, which has far
reaching implications for tracing long-distance bird
migrations (see Figure 12.6). While many migratory animals, such as insects, lack bones, they too
record long-term information about the source water of the ecosystem in which they were reared.
Hobson et al. (1999) have shown that it is feasible
to trace the migratory origins of monarch butterflies
from the oD and 0 18 0 values of the organic matter
in their wings. Further exploration of this approach
is likely to have widespread ecosystem-level applications in cases in which animals move back and
forth between adjacent ecosystems.
References
Allison, G.B.; Barnes, C.1.; Hughes, M.W. The distribution of deuterium and 18 0 in dry soils. 2. Experimental. J. Hydrol. 64:377-397; 1983.
Bariac, T.; Rambal, S.; Jusserand, e.; Berger, A. Evaluating water fluxes of field-grown alfalfa from diurnal
observations of natural isotope concentrations, energy
budget and ecophysiological parameters. Ag. For. Meteorol. 48:263-283; 1989.
Bennett, e.P.; Timell, T.E. Preparation of cellulose trinitrate. Sven. Papperstidn. 58:281-286; 1955.
Brand, W. High precision isotope ratio monitoring techniques in mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spec. 31:226235; 1996.
BruneI, J.-P.; Walker, G.R.; Kennett-Smith, A.K. Field
validation of isotopic procedures for determining
sources of water used by plants in a semi-arid environment. J. Hydrol. 167:351-368; 1995.
Buchanan, D.L.; Corocoran, B.J. Sealed tube combustions for the determination of carbon-14 and total carbon. Anal. Chern. 31:1635-1638; 1959.
Cole, D.R.; Monger, H.e. Influence of atmospheric CO 2
on the decline of C4 plants during the last deglaciation.
Nature 368:533-536; 1994.
Coleman, M.e.; Shepherd, T.J.; Durham, J.J.; Rouse,
J.D.; Moore, G.R. Reduction of water with zinc for
hydrogen isotope analysis. Anal. Chern. 54:993-995;
1982.
Compston, w.; Epstein, S. A method for the preparation
of carbon dioxide from water vapor for oxygen isotope
analysis. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 39:511-512;
1958.
Cormie, A.B.; Schwarcz, H.P.; Gray, J. Determination of
the hydrogen isotopic composition of bone collagen
and correction for hydrogen exchange. Geochim.
Cosmo. Acta 58:265-375; 1994.
Craig, H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science
133:1702-1703; 1961.
Craig, H.; Gordon, L. Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In: Tongiorgi, E., ed. Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Spoleto 1965. Pisa:
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di
Geologia Nucleare; 1965:9-130.
Cramer, V; Thorburn, P.; Fraser, G.; Stewart, G. Transpiration and groundwater uptake from farm forest
plots of Casuarina glauca and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in saline areas of southeast Queensland, Australia. Ag. Water Manage. 39:(2-3):187-204; 1999.
Dawson, T.E. Water sources of plants as determined from
xlyem-water isotopic composition: Perspectives on
plant competition, distribution, and water relations. In:
Ehleringer, J.R.; Hall, A.E.; Farquhar, G.D., eds. Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations. San
Diego, CA: Academic; 1993a:465-496.
Dawson, T.E. Hydraulic lift and water use in plants: Implications for performance, water balance and plantplant interactions. Oecologia 95:565-574; 1993b.
Dawson, T.E. Determining water use by trees and forests
from isotopic, energy balance and transpiration analyses: the roles of tree size and hydraulic lift. Tree
Physiol. 16:263-272; 1996.
Dawson, T.E. Fog in the California redwood forest: Ecosystem inputs and use by plants. Oecologia 117:476485; 1998.
Dawson, T.E.; Ehleringer, J.R. Stremside trees that do
not use stream water. Nature 350:335-337; 1991.
Dawson, T.E.; Ehleringer, J.R. Isotopic enrichment of
water in the "woody" tissues of plants: Implications
for water source, water uptake, and other studies
which use the stable isotopic composition of cellulose.
Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 57:3487-3492; 1993.
Dawson, T.E.; Ehleringer, J.R. The role of plants in
catchment-level hydraulic processes: Insights from
stable isotope studies. In: Kendall, e.; McDonnell,
J.1., eds. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology.
Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998:165-202.
Dawson, T.E.; Pate, J.S. Seasonal water uptake and
movement in root systems of Australian phreatophytic
plants of dimorphic root morphology: A stable isotope
investigation. Oecologia 107:13-20; 1996.
Dawson, T.E.; Pausch, R.C.; Parker, H.M. The role of
hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding
195
existed between the 0 18 0 values of source water
and bone phosphate. Ecological applications have
included studies of the distribution of white-tailed
deer across North America (Luz et al. 1990). Similar approaches have been used to show that the oD
values of bone phosphate and bone gelatin also reflect source waters (Cormie et al. 1994). More recently, Hobson and Wassenaar (1997) have shown
that the oD and 0 18 0 values of bird feathers also
reflect that of their source water, which has far
reaching implications for tracing long-distance bird
migrations (see Figure 12.6). While many migratory animals, such as insects, lack bones, they too
record long-term information about the source water of the ecosystem in which they were reared.
Hobson et al. (1999) have shown that it is feasible
to trace the migratory origins of monarch butterflies
from the oD and 0 18 0 values of the organic matter
in their wings. Further exploration of this approach
is likely to have widespread ecosystem-level applications in cases in which animals move back and
forth between adjacent ecosystems.
References
Allison, G.B.; Barnes, C.1.; Hughes, M.W. The distribution of deuterium and 18 0 in dry soils. 2. Experimental. J. Hydrol. 64:377-397; 1983.
Bariac, T.; Rambal, S.; Jusserand, e.; Berger, A. Evaluating water fluxes of field-grown alfalfa from diurnal
observations of natural isotope concentrations, energy
budget and ecophysiological parameters. Ag. For. Meteorol. 48:263-283; 1989.
Bennett, e.P.; Timell, T.E. Preparation of cellulose trinitrate. Sven. Papperstidn. 58:281-286; 1955.
Brand, W. High precision isotope ratio monitoring techniques in mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spec. 31:226235; 1996.
BruneI, J.-P.; Walker, G.R.; Kennett-Smith, A.K. Field
validation of isotopic procedures for determining
sources of water used by plants in a semi-arid environment. J. Hydrol. 167:351-368; 1995.
Buchanan, D.L.; Corocoran, B.J. Sealed tube combustions for the determination of carbon-14 and total carbon. Anal. Chern. 31:1635-1638; 1959.
Cole, D.R.; Monger, H.e. Influence of atmospheric CO 2
on the decline of C4 plants during the last deglaciation.
Nature 368:533-536; 1994.
Coleman, M.e.; Shepherd, T.J.; Durham, J.J.; Rouse,
J.D.; Moore, G.R. Reduction of water with zinc for
hydrogen isotope analysis. Anal. Chern. 54:993-995;
1982.
Compston, w.; Epstein, S. A method for the preparation
of carbon dioxide from water vapor for oxygen isotope
analysis. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 39:511-512;
1958.
Cormie, A.B.; Schwarcz, H.P.; Gray, J. Determination of
the hydrogen isotopic composition of bone collagen
and correction for hydrogen exchange. Geochim.
Cosmo. Acta 58:265-375; 1994.
Craig, H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science
133:1702-1703; 1961.
Craig, H.; Gordon, L. Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In: Tongiorgi, E., ed. Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Spoleto 1965. Pisa:
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di
Geologia Nucleare; 1965:9-130.
Cramer, V; Thorburn, P.; Fraser, G.; Stewart, G. Transpiration and groundwater uptake from farm forest
plots of Casuarina glauca and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in saline areas of southeast Queensland, Australia. Ag. Water Manage. 39:(2-3):187-204; 1999.
Dawson, T.E. Water sources of plants as determined from
xlyem-water isotopic composition: Perspectives on
plant competition, distribution, and water relations. In:
Ehleringer, J.R.; Hall, A.E.; Farquhar, G.D., eds. Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations. San
Diego, CA: Academic; 1993a:465-496.
Dawson, T.E. Hydraulic lift and water use in plants: Implications for performance, water balance and plantplant interactions. Oecologia 95:565-574; 1993b.
Dawson, T.E. Determining water use by trees and forests
from isotopic, energy balance and transpiration analyses: the roles of tree size and hydraulic lift. Tree
Physiol. 16:263-272; 1996.
Dawson, T.E. Fog in the California redwood forest: Ecosystem inputs and use by plants. Oecologia 117:476485; 1998.
Dawson, T.E.; Ehleringer, J.R. Stremside trees that do
not use stream water. Nature 350:335-337; 1991.
Dawson, T.E.; Ehleringer, J.R. Isotopic enrichment of
water in the "woody" tissues of plants: Implications
for water source, water uptake, and other studies
which use the stable isotopic composition of cellulose.
Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 57:3487-3492; 1993.
Dawson, T.E.; Ehleringer, J.R. The role of plants in
catchment-level hydraulic processes: Insights from
stable isotope studies. In: Kendall, e.; McDonnell,
J.1., eds. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology.
Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998:165-202.
Dawson, T.E.; Pate, J.S. Seasonal water uptake and
movement in root systems of Australian phreatophytic
plants of dimorphic root morphology: A stable isotope
investigation. Oecologia 107:13-20; 1996.
Dawson, T.E.; Pausch, R.C.; Parker, H.M. The role of
hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding