10. Herbivory in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Hanley, T.A.; Robbins, C.T.; Hagerman, A.E.; McArthur,
C. Predicting digestible protein and digestible dry
matter in tannin-containing forages consumed by ruminants. Ecology 73:537-541; 1992.
Hilbert, D.w.; Swift, D.M.; Detling, 1.K.; Dyer, M.I.
Relative growth rates and the grazing optimization hypothesis. Oecologia 51:14-18; 1981.
Ingham, R.; Detling, J. Effects of defoliation and nematode consumption on growth and leaf gas exchange in
Bouteloua curtipendula. Oikos 46:23-28; 1986.
McInnes, P.E; Naiman, R.J.; Pastor, 1.; Cohen, Y. Effects
of moose browsing on vegetation and litter of the Boreal Forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, USA Ecology
73:2059-2075; 1992.
McNaughton, SJ. Grazing as an optimization process:
Grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. Am. Natur. 113:691-703; 1979.
McNaughton, S.J.; Milchunas, D.G.; Frank, D.A How
can net primary productivity be measured in grazing
ecosystems? Ecology 77:974-977; 1996.
McNaughton, SJ.; Oesterheld, M.; Frank, D.A; Williams, KJ. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature
341:142-144; 1989.
McNaughton, S.J.; Oesterheld, M.; Frank, D.A; Williams, KJ. Primary and secondary production in terrestrial ecosystems. In: Cole, J.; Lovett, G.; Findlay,
S., eds. Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Theories. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1991:120-139.
Milchunas, D.G.; Lauenroth, W.K. Quantitative effects
of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range
of environments. Ecol. Monogr. 63:327-366; 1993.
Oesterheld, M.; Loreti, J.; Semmartin, M.; Paruelo, 1.M.
Grazing, fire, and climate effects on primary productivity of grasslands and savannas. In: Walker, L.R. Ed.
Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Ecosystems of the
World Series. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1999. pp. 287306.
157
Oesterheld, M.; McNaughton, SJ. Effect of stress and
time for recovery on the amount of compensatory
growth after grazing. Oecologia 85:305-313; 1991.
Paruelo, J.M.; Epstein, H.E.; Lauenroth, W.K.; Burke,
I.C. ANPP estimates from NDVI for the Central
Grassland Region of the United States. Ecology
78:953-958; 1997.
Reddy, V.R.; Acock, B.; Baker, D.N.; Acock, M. Seasonalleaf area-leaf weight relationships in the cotton
canopy. Agron. 1. 81:1--4; 1989.
Reich, P.B.; Walters, M.B. Photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in Amazonian tree species. 2. Variation in nitrogen vis-a-vis specific leaf area influences massbased and area-based expressions. Oecologia 97:7381; 1994.
Reich, P.; Walters, M.B.; Ellsworth, D.S. Leaf age and
season influence the relationships between leaf nitrogen, leaf mass per area and photosynthesis in maple
trees. Plant Cell Environ. 14:251-259; 1991.
Reichle, D.; Goldstein, R.; Van Hook, R.; Dodson, G.
Analysis of insect consumption in a forest canopy.
Ecology 54:1076-1084; 1973.
Robbins, C.T.; Mole, S.; Hagerman, AE.; Hanley, T.A.
Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants:
Reduction in dry matter digestion? Ecology 68: 16061615; 1987.
Sala, O.E.; Biondini, M.E.; Lauenroth, w.K. Bias in estimates of primary production: An analytical solution.
Ecol. Model. 44:43-57; 1988.
Schowalter, T.; Webb, J.; Crossley, D. Community structure and nutrient content of canopy arthropods in
clearcut and uncut forest ecosystems. Ecology
62:1010-1019; 1981.
Scott, J. An ecosystem-level trophic-group arthropod and
nematode bioenergetics model. In: French, N. eds.
Perspectives in Grassland Ecology. New York:
Springer Verlag; 1979:107-116.
Williams, M.R.; Abbott, I. Quantifying average defoliation using leaf-level measurements. Ecology 72: 15101512; 1991.
Hanley, T.A.; Robbins, C.T.; Hagerman, A.E.; McArthur,
C. Predicting digestible protein and digestible dry
matter in tannin-containing forages consumed by ruminants. Ecology 73:537-541; 1992.
Hilbert, D.w.; Swift, D.M.; Detling, 1.K.; Dyer, M.I.
Relative growth rates and the grazing optimization hypothesis. Oecologia 51:14-18; 1981.
Ingham, R.; Detling, J. Effects of defoliation and nematode consumption on growth and leaf gas exchange in
Bouteloua curtipendula. Oikos 46:23-28; 1986.
McInnes, P.E; Naiman, R.J.; Pastor, 1.; Cohen, Y. Effects
of moose browsing on vegetation and litter of the Boreal Forest, Isle Royale, Michigan, USA Ecology
73:2059-2075; 1992.
McNaughton, SJ. Grazing as an optimization process:
Grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. Am. Natur. 113:691-703; 1979.
McNaughton, S.J.; Milchunas, D.G.; Frank, D.A How
can net primary productivity be measured in grazing
ecosystems? Ecology 77:974-977; 1996.
McNaughton, SJ.; Oesterheld, M.; Frank, D.A; Williams, KJ. Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats. Nature
341:142-144; 1989.
McNaughton, S.J.; Oesterheld, M.; Frank, D.A; Williams, KJ. Primary and secondary production in terrestrial ecosystems. In: Cole, J.; Lovett, G.; Findlay,
S., eds. Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Theories. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 1991:120-139.
Milchunas, D.G.; Lauenroth, W.K. Quantitative effects
of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range
of environments. Ecol. Monogr. 63:327-366; 1993.
Oesterheld, M.; Loreti, J.; Semmartin, M.; Paruelo, 1.M.
Grazing, fire, and climate effects on primary productivity of grasslands and savannas. In: Walker, L.R. Ed.
Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Ecosystems of the
World Series. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1999. pp. 287306.
157
Oesterheld, M.; McNaughton, SJ. Effect of stress and
time for recovery on the amount of compensatory
growth after grazing. Oecologia 85:305-313; 1991.
Paruelo, J.M.; Epstein, H.E.; Lauenroth, W.K.; Burke,
I.C. ANPP estimates from NDVI for the Central
Grassland Region of the United States. Ecology
78:953-958; 1997.
Reddy, V.R.; Acock, B.; Baker, D.N.; Acock, M. Seasonalleaf area-leaf weight relationships in the cotton
canopy. Agron. 1. 81:1--4; 1989.
Reich, P.B.; Walters, M.B. Photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in Amazonian tree species. 2. Variation in nitrogen vis-a-vis specific leaf area influences massbased and area-based expressions. Oecologia 97:7381; 1994.
Reich, P.; Walters, M.B.; Ellsworth, D.S. Leaf age and
season influence the relationships between leaf nitrogen, leaf mass per area and photosynthesis in maple
trees. Plant Cell Environ. 14:251-259; 1991.
Reichle, D.; Goldstein, R.; Van Hook, R.; Dodson, G.
Analysis of insect consumption in a forest canopy.
Ecology 54:1076-1084; 1973.
Robbins, C.T.; Mole, S.; Hagerman, AE.; Hanley, T.A.
Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants:
Reduction in dry matter digestion? Ecology 68: 16061615; 1987.
Sala, O.E.; Biondini, M.E.; Lauenroth, w.K. Bias in estimates of primary production: An analytical solution.
Ecol. Model. 44:43-57; 1988.
Schowalter, T.; Webb, J.; Crossley, D. Community structure and nutrient content of canopy arthropods in
clearcut and uncut forest ecosystems. Ecology
62:1010-1019; 1981.
Scott, J. An ecosystem-level trophic-group arthropod and
nematode bioenergetics model. In: French, N. eds.
Perspectives in Grassland Ecology. New York:
Springer Verlag; 1979:107-116.
Williams, M.R.; Abbott, I. Quantifying average defoliation using leaf-level measurements. Ecology 72: 15101512; 1991.