9. Microbial Carbon Cycling in Pelagic Ecosystems: Microbial Methods for Ecosystem Scientists
147
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Azam, E; Fenchel, T.; Field, J.G.; Gray, J.S.; Meyer-Rei!,
L.A.; Thingstad, E The ecological role of watercolumn microbes in the sea. Mar. Eco1. Prog. Ser.
10:257-263; 1983.
Bell, R.T. Estimating production of heterotophic bacterioplankton via incorporation of tritiated thymidine. In:
Kemp, P.E; Sherr, B.E; Sherr, E.B.; Cole, lJ., eds.
Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology.
Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis; 1993:495-504.
Bird, D.E; Kalff, J. Empirical relationships between bacterial abundance and chlorophyll concentration in
fresh and marine waters. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
41:1015-1023; 1984.
Bratbak, G. Microscope methods for measuring bacterial
biovolume: Epiflourescence microscopy, scanning
electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In: Kemp, P.E; Sherr, B.E; Sherr, E.B.;
Cole, J.J., eds. Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis; 1993:309318.
Button, D.K.; Robertson, B.R. Use of high resolution
flow cytometry to determine the activity and distribution of aquatic bacteria. In: Kemp, P.E; Sherr, B.E;
Sherr, E.B.; Cole, lJ., eds. Handbook of Methods in
Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis;
1993:163-174.
Caraco, N.E; Cole, lJ.; Likens, G.E. New and recycled
primary production in an oligotrophic lake: Insights
for summer phosphorus dynamics. Limno1. Oceanogr.
37:590--602; 1992.
Cho, B.C.; Azam, E Biogeochemical significance ofbacterial biomass in the ocean's euphotic zone. Mar. Bco1.
Prog. Ser. 63:253-259; 1990.
Choi, J.W.; Sherr, E.B.; Sherr, B.E Relation between
presence-absence of a visible nucleoid and metabolic
activity in bacterioplankton cells. Limno1. Oceanogr.
41:1161-1168; 1996.
Chrost, R.J.; Munster, U.; Rai, H.; Albrect, D.; Witzel,
K. Overbeek, J. Photosynthetic production and exoenzymatic degradation of organic matter in the euphotic
zone of a eutrophic lake. J. Plank. Res. 11:223-242;
1989.
Cole, lJ. Interactions between bacteria and algae in
aquatic ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Eco1. Syst. 13:291314; 1982.
Cole, J.J.; Caraco, N.E The pelagic microbial food webs
of oligotrophic lakes. In: Ford, T., ed. Aquatic Micro- .
biology. New York: Blackwell; 1993:101-112.
Cole, lJ.; Caraco, N.E; Kling, G.w.; Kratz, T.K. Carbon
dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes.
Science 265:1568-1570; 1994.
Cole, J.J.; Caraco, N.E; Strayer, D.L.; Ochs, C.; Nolan,
S. A detailed organic carbon budget as an ecosystemlevel calibration of bacterial respiration in an oligotrophic lake during midsummer. Limno1. Oceanogr.
34:286-296; 1989.
Cole, lJ.; Findlay, S.; Pace, M.L. Bacterial production
in fresh and saltwater ecosystems: A cross-system
overview. Mar. Eco1. Prog. Ser. 43:1-10; 1988.
Cole, lJ.; Pace, M.L. Bacterial secondary production in
oxic and anoxic freshwaters. Limno1. Oceanogr.
40:1019-1027; 1995.
Coveney, M.E; Wetzel, R.G. Biomass, production and
specific growth rate of bacterioplankton and coupling
to phytoplankton in an oligotrophic lake. Limno1.
Oceanogr. 40:1187-1200; 1995.
Currie, D.I. Large-scale variability and interactions
among phtyoplankton, bacterioplankton and phosphorus. Limno1. Oceanogr. 35:1437-1455; 1990.
Daley, R.I.; Hobbie, J.E. Direct counts of aquatic bacteria
by a modified epifluorescence technique. Limno1.
Oceanogr. 20:875-886; 1975.
Davey, M.M.; Kell, D.B. Flow cytometry and cell sorting
of heterogeneous microbial populations: The importance of single-cell analyses. Microbiol. Rev. 60:641696; 1996.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Bird, D.; Prairie, Y.T.; Planas, D. Flow
cytometric determinations of bacterial abundance in
lake plankton with the green nucleic acid stain SYTO
13. Limno1. Oceanogr. 41:783-789; 1996a.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Cole, lJ. Bacterial growth efficiency
in natural aquatic ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
29:503-541; 1998.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Cole, J.J.; Cirnbleris, A. Respiration
rates in bacteria exceed phytoplankton production in
unproductive aquatic systems. Nature 385:148-151;
1997a.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Gasol, J.M.; Vaque, D.; Mura, P.;
Agusti, S.; Duarte, C.M. Bacterioplankton community
structure: Protists control net production and the proportion of active bacteria in a coastal marine community. Limno1. Oceanogr. 41:1169-1179; 1996b.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Prairie, Y.T.; Bird, D.E Coupling between rates of bacterial production and the abundance
of metabolically active bacteria in lakes, enumerated
using CTC reduction and flow cytometry. Microb.
Eco1. 34:144-154; 1997b.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Scarborough, G. Increases in the proportion of metabolically active bacteria along gradients of enrichment in freshwater and marine plankton:
Implications for estimates of bacterial growth and production rates. J. Plank. Res. 17:1905-1924; 1995.
Duarte, C.M.; Vaque, D. The scale dependence of bacterial patchiness. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 84:95-100;
1992.
Elser, J.J.; Stabler, L.B.; Hassett, R.P. Nutrient limitation
of bacterial growth and rates of bacterivory in lakes
147
References
Azam, E; Fenchel, T.; Field, J.G.; Gray, J.S.; Meyer-Rei!,
L.A.; Thingstad, E The ecological role of watercolumn microbes in the sea. Mar. Eco1. Prog. Ser.
10:257-263; 1983.
Bell, R.T. Estimating production of heterotophic bacterioplankton via incorporation of tritiated thymidine. In:
Kemp, P.E; Sherr, B.E; Sherr, E.B.; Cole, lJ., eds.
Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology.
Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis; 1993:495-504.
Bird, D.E; Kalff, J. Empirical relationships between bacterial abundance and chlorophyll concentration in
fresh and marine waters. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
41:1015-1023; 1984.
Bratbak, G. Microscope methods for measuring bacterial
biovolume: Epiflourescence microscopy, scanning
electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In: Kemp, P.E; Sherr, B.E; Sherr, E.B.;
Cole, J.J., eds. Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis; 1993:309318.
Button, D.K.; Robertson, B.R. Use of high resolution
flow cytometry to determine the activity and distribution of aquatic bacteria. In: Kemp, P.E; Sherr, B.E;
Sherr, E.B.; Cole, lJ., eds. Handbook of Methods in
Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Ann Arbor, MI: Lewis;
1993:163-174.
Caraco, N.E; Cole, lJ.; Likens, G.E. New and recycled
primary production in an oligotrophic lake: Insights
for summer phosphorus dynamics. Limno1. Oceanogr.
37:590--602; 1992.
Cho, B.C.; Azam, E Biogeochemical significance ofbacterial biomass in the ocean's euphotic zone. Mar. Bco1.
Prog. Ser. 63:253-259; 1990.
Choi, J.W.; Sherr, E.B.; Sherr, B.E Relation between
presence-absence of a visible nucleoid and metabolic
activity in bacterioplankton cells. Limno1. Oceanogr.
41:1161-1168; 1996.
Chrost, R.J.; Munster, U.; Rai, H.; Albrect, D.; Witzel,
K. Overbeek, J. Photosynthetic production and exoenzymatic degradation of organic matter in the euphotic
zone of a eutrophic lake. J. Plank. Res. 11:223-242;
1989.
Cole, lJ. Interactions between bacteria and algae in
aquatic ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Eco1. Syst. 13:291314; 1982.
Cole, J.J.; Caraco, N.E The pelagic microbial food webs
of oligotrophic lakes. In: Ford, T., ed. Aquatic Micro- .
biology. New York: Blackwell; 1993:101-112.
Cole, lJ.; Caraco, N.E; Kling, G.w.; Kratz, T.K. Carbon
dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes.
Science 265:1568-1570; 1994.
Cole, J.J.; Caraco, N.E; Strayer, D.L.; Ochs, C.; Nolan,
S. A detailed organic carbon budget as an ecosystemlevel calibration of bacterial respiration in an oligotrophic lake during midsummer. Limno1. Oceanogr.
34:286-296; 1989.
Cole, lJ.; Findlay, S.; Pace, M.L. Bacterial production
in fresh and saltwater ecosystems: A cross-system
overview. Mar. Eco1. Prog. Ser. 43:1-10; 1988.
Cole, lJ.; Pace, M.L. Bacterial secondary production in
oxic and anoxic freshwaters. Limno1. Oceanogr.
40:1019-1027; 1995.
Coveney, M.E; Wetzel, R.G. Biomass, production and
specific growth rate of bacterioplankton and coupling
to phytoplankton in an oligotrophic lake. Limno1.
Oceanogr. 40:1187-1200; 1995.
Currie, D.I. Large-scale variability and interactions
among phtyoplankton, bacterioplankton and phosphorus. Limno1. Oceanogr. 35:1437-1455; 1990.
Daley, R.I.; Hobbie, J.E. Direct counts of aquatic bacteria
by a modified epifluorescence technique. Limno1.
Oceanogr. 20:875-886; 1975.
Davey, M.M.; Kell, D.B. Flow cytometry and cell sorting
of heterogeneous microbial populations: The importance of single-cell analyses. Microbiol. Rev. 60:641696; 1996.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Bird, D.; Prairie, Y.T.; Planas, D. Flow
cytometric determinations of bacterial abundance in
lake plankton with the green nucleic acid stain SYTO
13. Limno1. Oceanogr. 41:783-789; 1996a.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Cole, lJ. Bacterial growth efficiency
in natural aquatic ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
29:503-541; 1998.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Cole, J.J.; Cirnbleris, A. Respiration
rates in bacteria exceed phytoplankton production in
unproductive aquatic systems. Nature 385:148-151;
1997a.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Gasol, J.M.; Vaque, D.; Mura, P.;
Agusti, S.; Duarte, C.M. Bacterioplankton community
structure: Protists control net production and the proportion of active bacteria in a coastal marine community. Limno1. Oceanogr. 41:1169-1179; 1996b.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Prairie, Y.T.; Bird, D.E Coupling between rates of bacterial production and the abundance
of metabolically active bacteria in lakes, enumerated
using CTC reduction and flow cytometry. Microb.
Eco1. 34:144-154; 1997b.
del Giorgio, P.A.; Scarborough, G. Increases in the proportion of metabolically active bacteria along gradients of enrichment in freshwater and marine plankton:
Implications for estimates of bacterial growth and production rates. J. Plank. Res. 17:1905-1924; 1995.
Duarte, C.M.; Vaque, D. The scale dependence of bacterial patchiness. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 84:95-100;
1992.
Elser, J.J.; Stabler, L.B.; Hassett, R.P. Nutrient limitation
of bacterial growth and rates of bacterivory in lakes