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Contents
9 Microbial Carbon Cycling in Pelagic Ecosystems: Microbial Methods for
Ecosystem Scientists
138
Jonathan J. Cole
Introduction
138
Abundance and Biomass
139
Epifluorescent Direct Count
140
Sample Preservation
141
Count by Flow Cytometry
Active and Inactive Cells
Cell Size and Biomass
141
141
142
Growth and Respiration of Planktonic Bacteria
143
Bacterial Secondary Production
143
Bacterial Respiration
144
Uptake and Turnover of Specific Substrates
144
Substrates Supporting Bacterial Growth
144
Conclusions
146
References
147
10 Herbivory in Terrestrial Ecosystems
151
MartIn Oesterheld and Samuel J. McNaughton
Introduction
151
Consumption
151
Animal-Based Methods
151
Plant-Based Methods
152
Differential Use of the Two Approaches
154
Effect of Herbivores on Primary Production
154
Compensatory Growth
154
Approaches
155
References
156
Part 2. Nutrient and Water Dynamics
159
11 Canopy Fluxes
161
John B. Moncrieff, Paul G. Jarvis, and Ricardo Valentini
Introduction
161
The Canopy Scale
161
The Surface Boundary Layer
Net Ecosystem Exchange
Flux Footprint
164
Methodologies
166
Aerodynamic Method
167
Energy BalancelBowen Ratio
Eddy Covariance
168
Conditional Sampling
174
161
163
167
Errors in Long-Term Measurements of Fluxes of Carbon and
Water
174
Related Techniques
175
Conclusions
177
References
177