30
-' Study Area
wind effect. A minimal extension of the intertidal areas was assumed for 13 minutes after high tide, maximum extension for 26 minutes after low tide.
Duration of inundation and exposure times at the Swinnplate and the Groninger
Plate
The duration of exposure and inundation at the Groninger Plate and the Swinnplate
was determined by geodetic data, meteorological conditions and neap/spring tide.
Since the Gri)ninger Plate lies higher than the Swinnplate, the former is normally
flooded longer than the Swinnplate. Because of the varying morphology of the flat
some sections are exposed earlier than others.
At the Swinnplate, the central position is characterized by equally long inundation and exposure times (about 6 hours). However, the outer areas are flooded for
nine to eleven hours.
The highest point of the Groninger Plate lies in the east. During flood tide the
water comes first from the north and south end of the flat, afterwards it increases
from the west, and the east will be flooded last. An exception of this current pattern was observed during the storm flood in January 1994, when the lower situated
areas of the flats remained flooded over four days.
Acknowledgement
This chapter is based on the studies in ELA W AT by Jan Backhaus, Udo Hubner,
Ralf Kaiser, Hanz Dieter Niemeyer and Susanne Rolinski. Their studies were
published as cited in the text, and further unpublished data were kindly provided
by them. Udo Hubner and Mrs. Verduin gave helpful comments on the manuscript.
Thanks for the help in translating to Ute Fuhrhop and Wolfgang Wenzel. The project was funded by the German Bundesministerium fUr Bildung, Wissenschaft,
Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) under grant number 03FOlI2 A and B. The
responsibility for the contents of the publication rests with the author.
References
Backhaus JO (1983) A semi-implicit scheme for the shallow water equations for application to
shelf modelling. Continent Shelf Res 2/4: 243-254
Defant A (1923) Die Gezeiten der Nordsee. Beobachtungen und Theorie. Ann d Hydrogr. Ll.
Jg .. H III
Hlibner U, Backhaus, JO (1997) Der klistennahc Gezeitenstrom im Gebiet der ostlichen Ostfriesischen Inseln. Forschungszentrum Terramarc Berichte 4: 1-65
Maier-Reimer E (1980) On the formation of salt water wedges in estuary. In: Slindermann J,
Kolz KP (Eds). Lecture notes on coastal and estuarine studies I: 91-101
Niemeyer HD, Kaiser R (1994) Hydrodynamik im Okosystem Wattenmeer. Umweltbundesamt,
Berlin. Texte 26/94
Niemeyer HD. Brandt G, Giiltner J, Glaser D, Grline J, Jensen F, Kaiser, R (1994) Naturuntersuchungen von Wattsecgang in der deutschen Nordseekliste. In: Berichte der Forschungsstelle Kliste, Band 40, pp 145--186
Reineck H-E (1987) Das Watt - Ablagerungs- und Lebensraum. Kramer, Frankfurt
Reise K, Riethmliller R (1998) Die Sylt-R0m0 Wattenmeerbucht: Ein Ubcrblick. In: Gatje C,
Reise K (Eds). Okosystem Wattenmecr. Austausch-, Transport- LInd StofffLImwandlungsprozessc. Springer. Berlin Heidelberg New York. pp 21-23
-' Study Area
wind effect. A minimal extension of the intertidal areas was assumed for 13 minutes after high tide, maximum extension for 26 minutes after low tide.
Duration of inundation and exposure times at the Swinnplate and the Groninger
Plate
The duration of exposure and inundation at the Groninger Plate and the Swinnplate
was determined by geodetic data, meteorological conditions and neap/spring tide.
Since the Gri)ninger Plate lies higher than the Swinnplate, the former is normally
flooded longer than the Swinnplate. Because of the varying morphology of the flat
some sections are exposed earlier than others.
At the Swinnplate, the central position is characterized by equally long inundation and exposure times (about 6 hours). However, the outer areas are flooded for
nine to eleven hours.
The highest point of the Groninger Plate lies in the east. During flood tide the
water comes first from the north and south end of the flat, afterwards it increases
from the west, and the east will be flooded last. An exception of this current pattern was observed during the storm flood in January 1994, when the lower situated
areas of the flats remained flooded over four days.
Acknowledgement
This chapter is based on the studies in ELA W AT by Jan Backhaus, Udo Hubner,
Ralf Kaiser, Hanz Dieter Niemeyer and Susanne Rolinski. Their studies were
published as cited in the text, and further unpublished data were kindly provided
by them. Udo Hubner and Mrs. Verduin gave helpful comments on the manuscript.
Thanks for the help in translating to Ute Fuhrhop and Wolfgang Wenzel. The project was funded by the German Bundesministerium fUr Bildung, Wissenschaft,
Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) under grant number 03FOlI2 A and B. The
responsibility for the contents of the publication rests with the author.
References
Backhaus JO (1983) A semi-implicit scheme for the shallow water equations for application to
shelf modelling. Continent Shelf Res 2/4: 243-254
Defant A (1923) Die Gezeiten der Nordsee. Beobachtungen und Theorie. Ann d Hydrogr. Ll.
Jg .. H III
Hlibner U, Backhaus, JO (1997) Der klistennahc Gezeitenstrom im Gebiet der ostlichen Ostfriesischen Inseln. Forschungszentrum Terramarc Berichte 4: 1-65
Maier-Reimer E (1980) On the formation of salt water wedges in estuary. In: Slindermann J,
Kolz KP (Eds). Lecture notes on coastal and estuarine studies I: 91-101
Niemeyer HD, Kaiser R (1994) Hydrodynamik im Okosystem Wattenmeer. Umweltbundesamt,
Berlin. Texte 26/94
Niemeyer HD. Brandt G, Giiltner J, Glaser D, Grline J, Jensen F, Kaiser, R (1994) Naturuntersuchungen von Wattsecgang in der deutschen Nordseekliste. In: Berichte der Forschungsstelle Kliste, Band 40, pp 145--186
Reineck H-E (1987) Das Watt - Ablagerungs- und Lebensraum. Kramer, Frankfurt
Reise K, Riethmliller R (1998) Die Sylt-R0m0 Wattenmeerbucht: Ein Ubcrblick. In: Gatje C,
Reise K (Eds). Okosystem Wattenmecr. Austausch-, Transport- LInd StofffLImwandlungsprozessc. Springer. Berlin Heidelberg New York. pp 21-23