154
perturbations and other essential ecosystem
services (Worm et al. 2006 ). Marine ecosystems
can be infl uenced by exploitation, pollution,
biodiversity loss, and habitat destruction or
indirectly through global climate change and
related perturbations (Worm et al. 2005 , 2006 ;
Berque and Matsuda 2013 ). In the northeastern
(Tohoku) Pacifi c coastal area, Sanriku Coast,
where fi shing and farming are known to be
essential to the industries, the Great East Japan
Earthquake caused the perturbations in 2011
(Urushihara 2013 ; Hara 2014 ). The impact of
the earthquake and massive tsunami on the
Sanriku area and the subsequent processes of
transition over time are yet to be determined.
Facilitation of reconstruction of the coastal
environment and fi sheries at the Sanriku Coast
has been required. Therefore, especially in a
disaster-stricken area such as the Sanriku Coast,
it is thought to be important to research on perturbations, recovery, and resilience processes in
marine ecosystems and the management of
socio-ecological system in fi shing and aquaculture to take sustainable delivery of environmental benefi ts linked to human well- being
(Hadjimichael et al. 2013 ). Furthermore, a study
on the effect of stress in marine organisms is
emerging as a worldwide common theme in
relation to the perturbations and resilience on
marine ecosystems (Pörtner 2002 ; Lesser 2006 ;
Valavanidis et al. 2006 ; Hofmann and Todgham
2010 ; Nakano 2011 ; Nakano et al. 2013 , 2014 ).
Consequently, the results of this study on stress
response in fi sh can provide information that is
useful for improving fi sh fi tness and production
of fi shing and aquaculture. To determine the
relationships between oxidative stress, growthrelated factors, antioxidant defenses, and the
growth of fi sh, additional investigations are currently underway.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Dr.
S. Minami at Shirako Co. Ltd., Japan, and Miss.
A. Yamauchi at Tohoku Univ. for the support of laboratory work. The authors also wish to thank Drs. N. Ito,
M. Osada, and K. Takahashi at Tohoku Univ. for the technical assistance for qPCR analysis and Dr. I. Gleadall at
Tohoku Univ. for the editorial assistance. TN would like
to express a special thanks to Dr. E.M. Donaldson,
Scientist Emeritus, at CAER, DFO/UBC, Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, for the help. This work was supported in
part by the Grants-in-Aid for scientifi c research
(KAKENHI, #23580277) from Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science (JSPS) to TN.
References
Ali M, Parvez S, Pandey S, Atif F, Kaur M, Rehman H,
Raisuddin S (2004) Fly ash leachate induces oxidative
stress in freshwater fi sh Channa punctata (Bloch).
Environ Int 30:933–938
Allen RG, Tresini M (2000) Oxidative stress and gene
regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 28:463–499
Arrigo A-P (1999) Gene expression and the thiol redox
state. Free Radic Biol Med 27:936–944
Asada K (1988) Production, scavenging and action of
active oxygen. Tanpakushitsu, Kakusan, Koso
(Proteins Nucleic Acids Enzym) 33:7–12
Bagnyukova TV, Danyliv SI, Zin’ko OS, Lushchak VI
(2007) Heat shock induces oxidative stress in rotan
Perccottus glenii tissues. J Ther Biol 32:255–260
Barton BA (1997) Stress in fi nfi sh: past, present and
future – a historical perspective. In: Iwama GK,
Pickering AD, Sumpter JP, Schreck CB (eds) Fish
stress and health in aquaculture. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp 1–33
Barton BA, Iwama GK (1991) Physiological change in
fi sh from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the
response and effects of corticosteroids. Annu Rev Fish
Dis 1:3–26
Basu N, Nakano T, Grau EG, Iwama GK (2001) The
effects of cortisol on heat shock protein 70 levels in
two fi sh species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 124:97–105
Basu N, Todgham AE, Ackerman PA, Bibeau MR, Nakano
K, Shulte PM, Iwama GK (2002) Heat shock protein
genes and their functional signifi cance in fi sh. Gene
295:173–183
Beckman BR (2011) Perspectives on concordant and discordant relations between insulin-like growth factor 1
(IGF1) and growth in fi shes. Gen Comp Endocrinol
170:233–252
Beckman KB, Ames BN (1998) The free radical theory of
aging matures. Physiol Rev 78:547–581
Bell JG, McEvoy J, Tocher DR, Sargent JR (2000)
Depletion of α-tocopherol and astaxanthin in Atlantic
salmon ( Salmo salar ) affects antioxidative defense
and fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr 130:1800–1808
Berque J, Matsuda O (2013) Coastal biodiversity management in Japanese Satoumi. Mar Policy 39:191–200
Björnsson BT, Johansson V, Benedet S, Einarsdottir IE,
Hildahl J, Agustsson T, Jönsson E (2002) Growth hormone endocrinology of salmonids: regulatory mechanisms and mode of action. Fish Physiol Biochem
27:227–242
Craig PM, Wood CM, McClelland GB (2007) Oxidative
stress response and gene expression with acute copper
T. Nakano et al.
perturbations and other essential ecosystem
services (Worm et al. 2006 ). Marine ecosystems
can be infl uenced by exploitation, pollution,
biodiversity loss, and habitat destruction or
indirectly through global climate change and
related perturbations (Worm et al. 2005 , 2006 ;
Berque and Matsuda 2013 ). In the northeastern
(Tohoku) Pacifi c coastal area, Sanriku Coast,
where fi shing and farming are known to be
essential to the industries, the Great East Japan
Earthquake caused the perturbations in 2011
(Urushihara 2013 ; Hara 2014 ). The impact of
the earthquake and massive tsunami on the
Sanriku area and the subsequent processes of
transition over time are yet to be determined.
Facilitation of reconstruction of the coastal
environment and fi sheries at the Sanriku Coast
has been required. Therefore, especially in a
disaster-stricken area such as the Sanriku Coast,
it is thought to be important to research on perturbations, recovery, and resilience processes in
marine ecosystems and the management of
socio-ecological system in fi shing and aquaculture to take sustainable delivery of environmental benefi ts linked to human well- being
(Hadjimichael et al. 2013 ). Furthermore, a study
on the effect of stress in marine organisms is
emerging as a worldwide common theme in
relation to the perturbations and resilience on
marine ecosystems (Pörtner 2002 ; Lesser 2006 ;
Valavanidis et al. 2006 ; Hofmann and Todgham
2010 ; Nakano 2011 ; Nakano et al. 2013 , 2014 ).
Consequently, the results of this study on stress
response in fi sh can provide information that is
useful for improving fi sh fi tness and production
of fi shing and aquaculture. To determine the
relationships between oxidative stress, growthrelated factors, antioxidant defenses, and the
growth of fi sh, additional investigations are currently underway.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Dr.
S. Minami at Shirako Co. Ltd., Japan, and Miss.
A. Yamauchi at Tohoku Univ. for the support of laboratory work. The authors also wish to thank Drs. N. Ito,
M. Osada, and K. Takahashi at Tohoku Univ. for the technical assistance for qPCR analysis and Dr. I. Gleadall at
Tohoku Univ. for the editorial assistance. TN would like
to express a special thanks to Dr. E.M. Donaldson,
Scientist Emeritus, at CAER, DFO/UBC, Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, for the help. This work was supported in
part by the Grants-in-Aid for scientifi c research
(KAKENHI, #23580277) from Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science (JSPS) to TN.
References
Ali M, Parvez S, Pandey S, Atif F, Kaur M, Rehman H,
Raisuddin S (2004) Fly ash leachate induces oxidative
stress in freshwater fi sh Channa punctata (Bloch).
Environ Int 30:933–938
Allen RG, Tresini M (2000) Oxidative stress and gene
regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 28:463–499
Arrigo A-P (1999) Gene expression and the thiol redox
state. Free Radic Biol Med 27:936–944
Asada K (1988) Production, scavenging and action of
active oxygen. Tanpakushitsu, Kakusan, Koso
(Proteins Nucleic Acids Enzym) 33:7–12
Bagnyukova TV, Danyliv SI, Zin’ko OS, Lushchak VI
(2007) Heat shock induces oxidative stress in rotan
Perccottus glenii tissues. J Ther Biol 32:255–260
Barton BA (1997) Stress in fi nfi sh: past, present and
future – a historical perspective. In: Iwama GK,
Pickering AD, Sumpter JP, Schreck CB (eds) Fish
stress and health in aquaculture. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp 1–33
Barton BA, Iwama GK (1991) Physiological change in
fi sh from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the
response and effects of corticosteroids. Annu Rev Fish
Dis 1:3–26
Basu N, Nakano T, Grau EG, Iwama GK (2001) The
effects of cortisol on heat shock protein 70 levels in
two fi sh species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 124:97–105
Basu N, Todgham AE, Ackerman PA, Bibeau MR, Nakano
K, Shulte PM, Iwama GK (2002) Heat shock protein
genes and their functional signifi cance in fi sh. Gene
295:173–183
Beckman BR (2011) Perspectives on concordant and discordant relations between insulin-like growth factor 1
(IGF1) and growth in fi shes. Gen Comp Endocrinol
170:233–252
Beckman KB, Ames BN (1998) The free radical theory of
aging matures. Physiol Rev 78:547–581
Bell JG, McEvoy J, Tocher DR, Sargent JR (2000)
Depletion of α-tocopherol and astaxanthin in Atlantic
salmon ( Salmo salar ) affects antioxidative defense
and fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr 130:1800–1808
Berque J, Matsuda O (2013) Coastal biodiversity management in Japanese Satoumi. Mar Policy 39:191–200
Björnsson BT, Johansson V, Benedet S, Einarsdottir IE,
Hildahl J, Agustsson T, Jönsson E (2002) Growth hormone endocrinology of salmonids: regulatory mechanisms and mode of action. Fish Physiol Biochem
27:227–242
Craig PM, Wood CM, McClelland GB (2007) Oxidative
stress response and gene expression with acute copper
T. Nakano et al.