100
recommendations and guidelines to assess GES
at regional, national and European scales.
Research will need to incorporate the improvement of knowledge concerning impacts of litter
on marine life, degradation processes of litter at
sea, the study of litter-related microparticles, the
study of chemicals associated with litter, the factors infl uencing the distribution and densities of
litter at sea (human factors, hydrodynamics, geomorphology, etc.), the comparability of monitoring methods and the determination of thresholds
for GES. The assessment and monitoring of
socio- economic harm will also need to be
addressed, and research will have to consider
novel methods and automated monitoring devices
and fi nally the rationalization of monitoring.
Because monitoring is to be started in 2014, optimization of monitoring (standards/baselines, data
management/quality assurance) and the extension of monitoring protocols to all MSFD regions/
subregions are the most critical gap.
References
Barnes DKA (2002) Invasions by marine life on plastic
debris. Nature 416:808–809. doi: 10.1038/416808a
Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009)
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in
global environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol
Sci 364:1985–1998
CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2012) Impacts
of marine debris on biodiversity: current status and
potential solutions, Technical Series No. 67. CBD
(Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
and the Scientifi c and Technical Advisory Panel GEF),
Montreal, 61 pp
Collignon A, Hecq JH, Galgani F, Voisin P, Goffard A
(2012) Neustonic microplastics and zooplankton in
the western Mediterranean sea. Mar Pollut Bull
64:861–864
Galgani F, Leaute JP, Moguedet P, Souplet A, Verin Y,
Carpentier A, Goraguer H et al (2000) Litter on the sea
fl oor along European coasts. Mar Pollut Bull
40:516–527
Galgani F, Fleet D, van Franeker J, Katsavenakis S, Maes
T, Mouat J, Oosterbaan L et al (2010) Marine Strategy
Framework Directive Task Group 10 report marine
litter, JRC scientifi c and technical report, ICES/JRC/
IFREMER Joint Report (No. 31210–2009/ 2010), Ed.
by N Zampoukas, 57 pp
Galgani F, Hanke G, Werner S, Piha H (2011) MSFDGES
technical subgroup on Marine Litter. Technical recommendations for the implementation of MSFD requirements. JRC Scientifi c and Technical Report, EUR
25009 EN – 2011, 93 pp
Galgani F, Hanke G, Werner S, Oosterbaan L, Nilsson P,
Fleet D, Kinsey S, Thompson R, Van Franeker J,
Vlachogianni T, Scoullos M, Mira Veiga J, Palatinus
A, Matiddi M, Maes T, Korpinen S, Budziak A, Leslie
H, Gago J, Liebezeit G (2013) Monitoring guidance
for marine litter in European seas. MSFD GES
Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter (TSG-ML).
DRAFT REPORT, 120p
Goldberg E (1994) Diamonds and plastics are forever?
Mar Pollut Bull 28:466
Ivar do Sul JA, Costa MF (2007) Marine debris review for
Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region: from
the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here?
Mar Pollut Bull 54:1087–1104
Katsanevakis S (2008) Marine debris, a growing problem:
sources, distribution, composition, and impacts. In:
Hofer TN (ed) Marine pollution: new research. Nova
Science Publishers, New York, pp 53–100
Katsanevakis S, Verriopoulos G, Nikolaidou A, ThessalouLegaki M (2007) Effect of marine pollution with litter
on the benthic megafauna of coastal soft bottoms. Mar
Pollut Bull 54:771–778
Macfadyen G, Huntington T, Cappell R (2009)
Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fi shing gear,
UNEP Regional seas reports and studies 185 and FAO
fi sheries and aquaculture technical paper 523. UNEP/
FAO, Rome, 115 pp
Mouat J, Llozano R, Bateson H (2010) Economic impacts
of Q17, Q18 Marine Litter. Kimo report. Ed. by Kimo,
100 pp. http://www.kimo.org
OSPAR (2009) Marine litter in the North-East Atlantic
Region: assessment and priorities for response.
London, UK, 127 pp. PNUE/PAM/MEDPOL. 2009.
Results of the assessment of the status of marine litter
in the Mediterranean. Meeting of MED POL Focal
Points No. 334, 91 pp
Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland
SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D et al (2004) Lost at sea:
where is all the plastic? Science 304:838. doi: 10.1126/
science.1094559
UNEP (2009) Marine litter: a global challenge. UNEP,
Nairobi, 232 pp
Van Franeker JA, Blaize C, Danielsen J, Fairclough K,
Gollan J, Guse N, Hansen P-L et al (2011) Monitoring
plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea. Environ Pollut 159:2609–2615.
doi: 10.1016/j.env pol.2011.06.008
F. Galgani
recommendations and guidelines to assess GES
at regional, national and European scales.
Research will need to incorporate the improvement of knowledge concerning impacts of litter
on marine life, degradation processes of litter at
sea, the study of litter-related microparticles, the
study of chemicals associated with litter, the factors infl uencing the distribution and densities of
litter at sea (human factors, hydrodynamics, geomorphology, etc.), the comparability of monitoring methods and the determination of thresholds
for GES. The assessment and monitoring of
socio- economic harm will also need to be
addressed, and research will have to consider
novel methods and automated monitoring devices
and fi nally the rationalization of monitoring.
Because monitoring is to be started in 2014, optimization of monitoring (standards/baselines, data
management/quality assurance) and the extension of monitoring protocols to all MSFD regions/
subregions are the most critical gap.
References
Barnes DKA (2002) Invasions by marine life on plastic
debris. Nature 416:808–809. doi: 10.1038/416808a
Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009)
Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in
global environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol
Sci 364:1985–1998
CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) (2012) Impacts
of marine debris on biodiversity: current status and
potential solutions, Technical Series No. 67. CBD
(Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
and the Scientifi c and Technical Advisory Panel GEF),
Montreal, 61 pp
Collignon A, Hecq JH, Galgani F, Voisin P, Goffard A
(2012) Neustonic microplastics and zooplankton in
the western Mediterranean sea. Mar Pollut Bull
64:861–864
Galgani F, Leaute JP, Moguedet P, Souplet A, Verin Y,
Carpentier A, Goraguer H et al (2000) Litter on the sea
fl oor along European coasts. Mar Pollut Bull
40:516–527
Galgani F, Fleet D, van Franeker J, Katsavenakis S, Maes
T, Mouat J, Oosterbaan L et al (2010) Marine Strategy
Framework Directive Task Group 10 report marine
litter, JRC scientifi c and technical report, ICES/JRC/
IFREMER Joint Report (No. 31210–2009/ 2010), Ed.
by N Zampoukas, 57 pp
Galgani F, Hanke G, Werner S, Piha H (2011) MSFDGES
technical subgroup on Marine Litter. Technical recommendations for the implementation of MSFD requirements. JRC Scientifi c and Technical Report, EUR
25009 EN – 2011, 93 pp
Galgani F, Hanke G, Werner S, Oosterbaan L, Nilsson P,
Fleet D, Kinsey S, Thompson R, Van Franeker J,
Vlachogianni T, Scoullos M, Mira Veiga J, Palatinus
A, Matiddi M, Maes T, Korpinen S, Budziak A, Leslie
H, Gago J, Liebezeit G (2013) Monitoring guidance
for marine litter in European seas. MSFD GES
Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter (TSG-ML).
DRAFT REPORT, 120p
Goldberg E (1994) Diamonds and plastics are forever?
Mar Pollut Bull 28:466
Ivar do Sul JA, Costa MF (2007) Marine debris review for
Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region: from
the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here?
Mar Pollut Bull 54:1087–1104
Katsanevakis S (2008) Marine debris, a growing problem:
sources, distribution, composition, and impacts. In:
Hofer TN (ed) Marine pollution: new research. Nova
Science Publishers, New York, pp 53–100
Katsanevakis S, Verriopoulos G, Nikolaidou A, ThessalouLegaki M (2007) Effect of marine pollution with litter
on the benthic megafauna of coastal soft bottoms. Mar
Pollut Bull 54:771–778
Macfadyen G, Huntington T, Cappell R (2009)
Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fi shing gear,
UNEP Regional seas reports and studies 185 and FAO
fi sheries and aquaculture technical paper 523. UNEP/
FAO, Rome, 115 pp
Mouat J, Llozano R, Bateson H (2010) Economic impacts
of Q17, Q18 Marine Litter. Kimo report. Ed. by Kimo,
100 pp. http://www.kimo.org
OSPAR (2009) Marine litter in the North-East Atlantic
Region: assessment and priorities for response.
London, UK, 127 pp. PNUE/PAM/MEDPOL. 2009.
Results of the assessment of the status of marine litter
in the Mediterranean. Meeting of MED POL Focal
Points No. 334, 91 pp
Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland
SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D et al (2004) Lost at sea:
where is all the plastic? Science 304:838. doi: 10.1126/
science.1094559
UNEP (2009) Marine litter: a global challenge. UNEP,
Nairobi, 232 pp
Van Franeker JA, Blaize C, Danielsen J, Fairclough K,
Gollan J, Guse N, Hansen P-L et al (2011) Monitoring
plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea. Environ Pollut 159:2609–2615.
doi: 10.1016/j.env pol.2011.06.008
F. Galgani