8
1 Introduction
practices and to analyze possible opportunIties of interaction and
complementarities of systems components.
5. How is PGRFA to be measured and assessed? Genetic diversity is defined in
quite different ways. Consequently, the estimation and valuation of diversity
depends on the definition used. A task of economic valuation of PGRFA
conservation is the analysis of the benefits arising from conservation, which
also facilitates a judgement about which level of investment in conservation
now and in the future would be appropriate.
6. Who are the direct and indirect beneficiaries of PGRFA conservation? In the
political discussion, it has been implied that the private breeding sector is the
predominant beneficiary of PGRFA conservation as far as "benefit sharing" is
concerned. This has to be analyzed in more detail; the spread of benefits across
society may be much broader.
7. What systems of incentives may conduce PGRFA conservation effectively and
what are their limitations? PGRFA will not be conserved without appropriate
incentives for those involved in conservation. Because of the characteristics of
PGRFA, incentive mechanisms have to be created and analyzed in regard to
their different levels of costeffectiveness.
8. Which are the institutional mechanisms for PGRFA conservation at national
and international levels and what are the constraints to their effectiveness?
Since the Convention on Biological Diversity entered into force in December
1993, the previous institutional system for the conservation and utilization of
PGRFA has to be adjusted - several institutional mechanisms are outmoded.
Issues of regulatory policy have to be analyzed, mainly the scope and
limitations of markets cum I versus other institutional control mechanisms
conducive to a conservation and sustainable utilization of PGRFA
9. What are the main cost components for PGRFA conservation and what scope
of cost-cutting measures enables an improved cost-efficiency? For the analysis
of efficient conservation systems, the cost elements have to be analyzed. The
introduction of cost-cutting measures should improve the costefficiency of
conservation activities.
10. What are the costs of current global conservation activities and what may be
"fair" burden sharing between the supply and demand side of genetic
resources taking into account the distribution of benefits and the "capacity and
willingness to pay"? It is important to estimate the costs of current global and
national conservation activities. Furthermore it has to be explored which
conservation activities underlie whose financial responsibility.
This study wants to contribute to the development and the conceptualizing of more
efficient conservation strategies by discussing the different aspects of PGRFA
conservation and focusing on the cost aspect.
1 Introduction
practices and to analyze possible opportunIties of interaction and
complementarities of systems components.
5. How is PGRFA to be measured and assessed? Genetic diversity is defined in
quite different ways. Consequently, the estimation and valuation of diversity
depends on the definition used. A task of economic valuation of PGRFA
conservation is the analysis of the benefits arising from conservation, which
also facilitates a judgement about which level of investment in conservation
now and in the future would be appropriate.
6. Who are the direct and indirect beneficiaries of PGRFA conservation? In the
political discussion, it has been implied that the private breeding sector is the
predominant beneficiary of PGRFA conservation as far as "benefit sharing" is
concerned. This has to be analyzed in more detail; the spread of benefits across
society may be much broader.
7. What systems of incentives may conduce PGRFA conservation effectively and
what are their limitations? PGRFA will not be conserved without appropriate
incentives for those involved in conservation. Because of the characteristics of
PGRFA, incentive mechanisms have to be created and analyzed in regard to
their different levels of costeffectiveness.
8. Which are the institutional mechanisms for PGRFA conservation at national
and international levels and what are the constraints to their effectiveness?
Since the Convention on Biological Diversity entered into force in December
1993, the previous institutional system for the conservation and utilization of
PGRFA has to be adjusted - several institutional mechanisms are outmoded.
Issues of regulatory policy have to be analyzed, mainly the scope and
limitations of markets cum I versus other institutional control mechanisms
conducive to a conservation and sustainable utilization of PGRFA
9. What are the main cost components for PGRFA conservation and what scope
of cost-cutting measures enables an improved cost-efficiency? For the analysis
of efficient conservation systems, the cost elements have to be analyzed. The
introduction of cost-cutting measures should improve the costefficiency of
conservation activities.
10. What are the costs of current global conservation activities and what may be
"fair" burden sharing between the supply and demand side of genetic
resources taking into account the distribution of benefits and the "capacity and
willingness to pay"? It is important to estimate the costs of current global and
national conservation activities. Furthermore it has to be explored which
conservation activities underlie whose financial responsibility.
This study wants to contribute to the development and the conceptualizing of more
efficient conservation strategies by discussing the different aspects of PGRFA
conservation and focusing on the cost aspect.