720
K. M. G. Mostofa et al.
L −1 in several lakes in Germany; <145 μg L −1 in Lake Börringesjön (Sweden);
<133.22 μg L −1 in several Chinese lakes; <~110 μg L −1 in Lake Victoria; <90 μg
L −1 in Lake El Tobar (Spain); <89.2 μg L −1 in Amazon flood plain lakes (shallow
lakes: 1–3 m depth); <82.1 μg L −1 in Lake Kizaki (Japan); <66.93 μg L −1 in Lake
Baiyangdian (China); <65.5 μg L −1 in Lake Hongfeng and Lake Baihua (China);
<60 μg L −1 in Lake Okeechobee (USA) and Lake Krankesjön (Sweden); 53.4 μg
L −1 in Lake Bansee (Germany); 52.7 μg L −1 in Lake Mitchell (USA); 40.49 μg
L −1 in Lake Medicine (Canada); <30 μg L −1 in Lake Taihu (China); 26.9 μg L −1
in Lake Thalersee (Germany); 25.16 μg L −1 in Lake Eagle (Canada); <25 μg L −1
in Lake La Cruz (Spain); 20.2 μg L −1 in Lake Johanna; <18.7 μg L −1 in Lake
Malawi (Africa); <18.1 μg L −1 in large Northwestern Ontario lakes; <15 μg L −1
in Lake La Parra and Lake Lagunillo del Tejo (Spain); <12.3 μg L −1 in Lake Biwa
(Japan); 11.57 μg L −1 in Lake Josephine (USA); 0.03–10.0 μg L −1 in other lakes
studied including relatively low Chl a concentrations in some famous lakes such as
in Lake Superior (<0.73 μg L −1 ); Lake Michigan (< ~ 8.0 μg L −1 ), Lake Baikal
(<5.8 μg L −1 ) and Lake Tanganyika (<4.5 μg L −1 ) (Table 1).
In Lake Biwa, Chl a concentration ranged from 2.1 to 12.3 μg L −1 in the
upper epilimnion (2.5 and 10 m), from 0.5 to 10.7 μg L −1 in the deeper epilimnion (20 m), and from 0.1 to 3.3 μg L −1 in the hypolimnion (40 and 70 m) during
the summer stratification period (Fig. 3a) (Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data).
From January to March, Chl a (2.0–4.0 μg L −1 ) was almost uniformly distributed
throughout the entire water column, due to vertical mixing during the overturn
period (Fig. 3a) (Mostofa et al. 2005).
The summer maximum of Microcystis biomass in Lake Taihu peaked at
112.0 mg L −1 in August 1998, which accounted for 94.5 % of the total phytoplankton biomass. In contrast, Chl a concentrations varied from approximately 5–30 μg
L −1 (Table 1) (James et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2011). It has also been shown that the
annual cycles of WT showed a regular summer peak each year in lake Taihu, in
accordance with fluctuations in Microcystis biomass. WT reached almost up to
30 °C during summer and declined to 5 °C by January (Liu et al. 2011). However,
WT is relatively high (14.5–30.2 °C) in Lake Okeechobee (USA) that showed substantially high contents of Chl a (10–60 μg L −1 , Table 1) (James et al. 2009).
In two eutrophic lakes, e.g. Lake Hongfeng and Baihua (Southwestern China),
Chl a concentration showed the highest level (44–66 μg L −1 ) in the epilimnion
(0–6 m) in July, during the summer stratification period (Fu et al. 2010). WT and
DOC concentrations for these two lake waters were 25–31 °C and 134–330 μM
C, respectively. Similarly, in the warm monomictic Lake Kinneret (Israel) Chl a
concentrations exhibited a maximum at the epilimnion (0–5 m) during the spring
season (April–May) (Yacobi 2006; Berman et al. 1995). WT and lake DOC concentrations were 15–30 °C and 258–485 μM C, respectively (Yacobi 2006;
Annual Report 2004). On the other hand, in water of monomictic Lake Biwa Chl
a maximum was observed in the epilimnion during the autumn season: November
1999 (12.3 μg L −1 ) and October 2000 (9.4 μg L −1 ) (Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data). Moreover, WT and DOC concentrations were 17.0–19.5 °C and
76–135 μM C, respectively (Mostofa et al. 2005; Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data).
K. M. G. Mostofa et al.
L −1 in several lakes in Germany; <145 μg L −1 in Lake Börringesjön (Sweden);
<133.22 μg L −1 in several Chinese lakes; <~110 μg L −1 in Lake Victoria; <90 μg
L −1 in Lake El Tobar (Spain); <89.2 μg L −1 in Amazon flood plain lakes (shallow
lakes: 1–3 m depth); <82.1 μg L −1 in Lake Kizaki (Japan); <66.93 μg L −1 in Lake
Baiyangdian (China); <65.5 μg L −1 in Lake Hongfeng and Lake Baihua (China);
<60 μg L −1 in Lake Okeechobee (USA) and Lake Krankesjön (Sweden); 53.4 μg
L −1 in Lake Bansee (Germany); 52.7 μg L −1 in Lake Mitchell (USA); 40.49 μg
L −1 in Lake Medicine (Canada); <30 μg L −1 in Lake Taihu (China); 26.9 μg L −1
in Lake Thalersee (Germany); 25.16 μg L −1 in Lake Eagle (Canada); <25 μg L −1
in Lake La Cruz (Spain); 20.2 μg L −1 in Lake Johanna; <18.7 μg L −1 in Lake
Malawi (Africa); <18.1 μg L −1 in large Northwestern Ontario lakes; <15 μg L −1
in Lake La Parra and Lake Lagunillo del Tejo (Spain); <12.3 μg L −1 in Lake Biwa
(Japan); 11.57 μg L −1 in Lake Josephine (USA); 0.03–10.0 μg L −1 in other lakes
studied including relatively low Chl a concentrations in some famous lakes such as
in Lake Superior (<0.73 μg L −1 ); Lake Michigan (< ~ 8.0 μg L −1 ), Lake Baikal
(<5.8 μg L −1 ) and Lake Tanganyika (<4.5 μg L −1 ) (Table 1).
In Lake Biwa, Chl a concentration ranged from 2.1 to 12.3 μg L −1 in the
upper epilimnion (2.5 and 10 m), from 0.5 to 10.7 μg L −1 in the deeper epilimnion (20 m), and from 0.1 to 3.3 μg L −1 in the hypolimnion (40 and 70 m) during
the summer stratification period (Fig. 3a) (Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data).
From January to March, Chl a (2.0–4.0 μg L −1 ) was almost uniformly distributed
throughout the entire water column, due to vertical mixing during the overturn
period (Fig. 3a) (Mostofa et al. 2005).
The summer maximum of Microcystis biomass in Lake Taihu peaked at
112.0 mg L −1 in August 1998, which accounted for 94.5 % of the total phytoplankton biomass. In contrast, Chl a concentrations varied from approximately 5–30 μg
L −1 (Table 1) (James et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2011). It has also been shown that the
annual cycles of WT showed a regular summer peak each year in lake Taihu, in
accordance with fluctuations in Microcystis biomass. WT reached almost up to
30 °C during summer and declined to 5 °C by January (Liu et al. 2011). However,
WT is relatively high (14.5–30.2 °C) in Lake Okeechobee (USA) that showed substantially high contents of Chl a (10–60 μg L −1 , Table 1) (James et al. 2009).
In two eutrophic lakes, e.g. Lake Hongfeng and Baihua (Southwestern China),
Chl a concentration showed the highest level (44–66 μg L −1 ) in the epilimnion
(0–6 m) in July, during the summer stratification period (Fu et al. 2010). WT and
DOC concentrations for these two lake waters were 25–31 °C and 134–330 μM
C, respectively. Similarly, in the warm monomictic Lake Kinneret (Israel) Chl a
concentrations exhibited a maximum at the epilimnion (0–5 m) during the spring
season (April–May) (Yacobi 2006; Berman et al. 1995). WT and lake DOC concentrations were 15–30 °C and 258–485 μM C, respectively (Yacobi 2006;
Annual Report 2004). On the other hand, in water of monomictic Lake Biwa Chl
a maximum was observed in the epilimnion during the autumn season: November
1999 (12.3 μg L −1 ) and October 2000 (9.4 μg L −1 ) (Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data). Moreover, WT and DOC concentrations were 17.0–19.5 °C and
76–135 μM C, respectively (Mostofa et al. 2005; Mostofa KMG et al. unpublished data).