564
K. M. G. Mostofa et al.
1989; Schroeder 1989; Schröder and Åkerlund 1990; Miyake and Asada 1992;
Bader 1994; 1995; Yin et al. 2006; Mostofa et al. 2009; Kuznetsov et al. 2010;
Bernardini et al. 2011). Komissarov (1994, 1995, 2003) has been summarizing on
the new hypothesis concerning the photosynthetic reaction, according to which the
interaction between CO 2 in air and H 2 O 2 in aqueous media (instead of H 2 O as for
the earlier concept) may form carbohydrate in plants.
Photosynthesis is significantly affected by several factors such as seasonal variation in sunlight and UV radiation (Marshall and Orr 1928; Barker 1935; Jenkin
1937; Rabinowitch 1951; Nielsen 1951, 1952; Aro et al. 1993; Melis 1999;
Andersson and Aro 2001; Han et al. 2001; Nishiyama et al. 2001, 2009; Sinha
et al. 2001a; Adir et al. 2003; Rastogi et al. 2010; Jiang and Qiu 2011; Sobek
et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010), occurrence of CO 2 forms (CO 2 , H 2 CO 3 , HCO 3
− ,
and CO 3
− ) (Wong et al. 1975; O’Leary 1981; Cooper and McRoy 1988; Farquhar
et al. 1989; Raven and Farquhar 1990; Fogel et al. 1992; Rau et al. 1992; Francois
et al. 1993; Raven et al. 1993, 2002; Jasper and Hayes 1994; Laws et al. 1995;
Yoshioka 1997; Hu et al. 2012), variations in temperature (Sobek et al. 2007;
Mortain-Bertrand et al. 1988; Davison 1991; Wilen et al. 1995; Lesser and
Gorbunov 2001; Baulch et al. 2005; Doyle et al. 2005; Yoshiyama and Sharp
2006; Ogweno et al. 2008; Higuchi et al. 2009; Bouman et al. 2010), effects of
water stress (drought) and precipitation/rainfall (Munns et al. 1979; Jones and
Turner 1978; Matsuda and Riazi 1981; Kaiser 1987; Asada 1992; Hopkins and
Hüner 1995; Aziz and Larher 1998; Li and van Staden 1998; Nam et al. 1998;
Cornic 2000; Wilson et al. 2000; Lawlor 2002; Velikova and Tsonev 2003; Flexas
et al. 2004; Hassan 2006; Liu et al. 2006; Ohashi et al. 2006; Fariduddin et al.
2009), effects of the contents and nature of DOM and POM (Haan 1974; de
Haan 1977; Stabel et al. 1979; Jackson and Hecky 1980; Wright 1988; Lindell
et al. 1995; Brussaard et al. 1996; Brussaard et al. 2005; Brussaard et al. 2007;
Carpenter et al. 1998; Igarashi et al. 1998; Reche et al. 1998; Rengefors and
Legrand 2001; Sukenik et al. 2002; de Lange et al. 2003; Hanson et al. 2003;
Houser et al. 2003; Druon et al. 2010), variation in nutrient contents (Yoshiyama
and Sharp 2006; Martinez and Cerda 1989; Vıllora et al. 2000; Parkhill et al. 2001;
Smith 2003; Kaneko et al. 2004; Sterner et al. 2004; Turhan and Eris 2005; Huszar
et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2007; Wang and Han 2007; Nõges et al. 2008; McCarthy
et al. 2009; Mohlin and Wulff 2009; Achakzai et al. 2010; Bybordi 2010;
Tunçtürk et al. 2011), variation in trace metal ions with effects on aquatic microorganisms (Zhang et al. 2010; Crist et al. 1981; Zhou and Wangersky 1985, 1989;
Simkiss and Taylor 1989; Xue and Sigg 1990; Tessier and Turner 1995; Sunda
and Huntsman 1998; Burda et al. 2003; Koukal et al. 2003; Mylon et al. 2003;
Sigfridsson et al. 2004; Berden-Zrimec et al. 2007; Lamelas and Slaveykova 2007;
Hopkinson and Barbeau 2008; Lamelas et al. 2009; Pan et al. 2009), effect of
salinity or salt stress (Liu et al. 2007; Bybordi 2010; Tunçtürk et al. 2011; Satoh
et al. 1983; Ahel et al. 1996; Moisander et al. 2002; Marcarelli et al. 2006; Segal
et al. 2006; Demetriou et al. 2007; Allakhverdiev and Murata 2008; Melgar et al.
2008; Pandey and Yeo 2008; Pandey et al. 2009; Bybordi et al. 2010a, b, c), effects
of toxic pollutants on aquatic microorganisms (Berden-Zrimec et al. 2007; Mayer
K. M. G. Mostofa et al.
1989; Schroeder 1989; Schröder and Åkerlund 1990; Miyake and Asada 1992;
Bader 1994; 1995; Yin et al. 2006; Mostofa et al. 2009; Kuznetsov et al. 2010;
Bernardini et al. 2011). Komissarov (1994, 1995, 2003) has been summarizing on
the new hypothesis concerning the photosynthetic reaction, according to which the
interaction between CO 2 in air and H 2 O 2 in aqueous media (instead of H 2 O as for
the earlier concept) may form carbohydrate in plants.
Photosynthesis is significantly affected by several factors such as seasonal variation in sunlight and UV radiation (Marshall and Orr 1928; Barker 1935; Jenkin
1937; Rabinowitch 1951; Nielsen 1951, 1952; Aro et al. 1993; Melis 1999;
Andersson and Aro 2001; Han et al. 2001; Nishiyama et al. 2001, 2009; Sinha
et al. 2001a; Adir et al. 2003; Rastogi et al. 2010; Jiang and Qiu 2011; Sobek
et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010), occurrence of CO 2 forms (CO 2 , H 2 CO 3 , HCO 3
− ,
and CO 3
− ) (Wong et al. 1975; O’Leary 1981; Cooper and McRoy 1988; Farquhar
et al. 1989; Raven and Farquhar 1990; Fogel et al. 1992; Rau et al. 1992; Francois
et al. 1993; Raven et al. 1993, 2002; Jasper and Hayes 1994; Laws et al. 1995;
Yoshioka 1997; Hu et al. 2012), variations in temperature (Sobek et al. 2007;
Mortain-Bertrand et al. 1988; Davison 1991; Wilen et al. 1995; Lesser and
Gorbunov 2001; Baulch et al. 2005; Doyle et al. 2005; Yoshiyama and Sharp
2006; Ogweno et al. 2008; Higuchi et al. 2009; Bouman et al. 2010), effects of
water stress (drought) and precipitation/rainfall (Munns et al. 1979; Jones and
Turner 1978; Matsuda and Riazi 1981; Kaiser 1987; Asada 1992; Hopkins and
Hüner 1995; Aziz and Larher 1998; Li and van Staden 1998; Nam et al. 1998;
Cornic 2000; Wilson et al. 2000; Lawlor 2002; Velikova and Tsonev 2003; Flexas
et al. 2004; Hassan 2006; Liu et al. 2006; Ohashi et al. 2006; Fariduddin et al.
2009), effects of the contents and nature of DOM and POM (Haan 1974; de
Haan 1977; Stabel et al. 1979; Jackson and Hecky 1980; Wright 1988; Lindell
et al. 1995; Brussaard et al. 1996; Brussaard et al. 2005; Brussaard et al. 2007;
Carpenter et al. 1998; Igarashi et al. 1998; Reche et al. 1998; Rengefors and
Legrand 2001; Sukenik et al. 2002; de Lange et al. 2003; Hanson et al. 2003;
Houser et al. 2003; Druon et al. 2010), variation in nutrient contents (Yoshiyama
and Sharp 2006; Martinez and Cerda 1989; Vıllora et al. 2000; Parkhill et al. 2001;
Smith 2003; Kaneko et al. 2004; Sterner et al. 2004; Turhan and Eris 2005; Huszar
et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2007; Wang and Han 2007; Nõges et al. 2008; McCarthy
et al. 2009; Mohlin and Wulff 2009; Achakzai et al. 2010; Bybordi 2010;
Tunçtürk et al. 2011), variation in trace metal ions with effects on aquatic microorganisms (Zhang et al. 2010; Crist et al. 1981; Zhou and Wangersky 1985, 1989;
Simkiss and Taylor 1989; Xue and Sigg 1990; Tessier and Turner 1995; Sunda
and Huntsman 1998; Burda et al. 2003; Koukal et al. 2003; Mylon et al. 2003;
Sigfridsson et al. 2004; Berden-Zrimec et al. 2007; Lamelas and Slaveykova 2007;
Hopkinson and Barbeau 2008; Lamelas et al. 2009; Pan et al. 2009), effect of
salinity or salt stress (Liu et al. 2007; Bybordi 2010; Tunçtürk et al. 2011; Satoh
et al. 1983; Ahel et al. 1996; Moisander et al. 2002; Marcarelli et al. 2006; Segal
et al. 2006; Demetriou et al. 2007; Allakhverdiev and Murata 2008; Melgar et al.
2008; Pandey and Yeo 2008; Pandey et al. 2009; Bybordi et al. 2010a, b, c), effects
of toxic pollutants on aquatic microorganisms (Berden-Zrimec et al. 2007; Mayer