16
K. M. G. Mostofa et al.
3.3 DOM Derived from Anthropogenic and Human Activities
Organic pollutants derived from sewerage and from domestic, agricultural and
industrial effluents significantly contribute to increase the concentration levels
of DOM in natural waters (Fu et al. 2010; McCalley et al. 1981; Silberhorn et al.
1990; Kramer et al. 1996; Mudge and Bebianno 1997; Manoli and Samara 1999;
Abril et al. 2002; Newton et al. 2003; Mostofa et al. 2005b, 2010; Richardson
2003, 2007; Mottaleb et al. 2005, 2009; Mudge and Duce 2005; Richardson
and Ternes 2005, 2011; Buser et al. 2006; Field et al. 2006; Lishman et al. 2006;
Rudel et al. 2006; Xia et al. 2006; Brown et al. 2007; Schmid et al. 2007; Farré
et al. 2008; Kinney et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2009; Ramirez et al. 2009; Citulski and
Farahbakhsh 2010; Kumar and Xagoraraki 2010; Pal et al. 2010; Yoon et al. 2010;
Kleywegt et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2011). The organic matter pollution is an important
problem in both developed and developing countries through input of untreated
sewerage and industrial effluents into natural waters. However, its impacts may be
much worse in developing countries due to the lack of sewerage treatment and of
industrial effluent treatment plants. The occurrence of DOM derived from anthropogenic and human activities is gradually increasing because of the increasing diffusion of domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. Some components of
sewerage-impacted DOM are made up of detergents or fluorescent whitening
agents (FWAs), including mostly diaminostilbene type (DAS1) and distyryl biphenyl (DSBP), protein-like components, sterols, and unknown organics (McCalley
et al. 1981; Mudge and Bebianno 1997; Mostofa et al. 2005b, 2010; Mudge and
Duce 2005). The organic components originating from agricultural wastes are pesticides, herbicides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their degradation products (Richardson 2007; Guo et al. 2009; Derbalah et al. 2003; Medana et al. 2005).
Recent studies show that emerging organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a ubiquitous class of organic chemicals of considerable concern for natural waters, and will be discussed in details
later. Wastewater-derived organic compounds can produce three major types
of toxic byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THMs), N-nitrosodimethylamine
(NDMA) and organic chloramines. These compounds may be formed either upon
(3.7)
2H 2 O 2 + CO 2 → CH 3 OH + 5/2O 2
∆H
0
= 530 kJ , ∆G
0
= 464 kJ
(3.8)
2H 2 O 2 + CO 2 → CH 4 + 3O 2
∆H
0
= 694 kJ , ∆G
0
= 580 kJ
(3.9)
H 2 O 2 + CO 2 → 1/6C 6 H 12 O 6 + 3/2O 2
∆H
0
= 426 kJ
K. M. G. Mostofa et al.
3.3 DOM Derived from Anthropogenic and Human Activities
Organic pollutants derived from sewerage and from domestic, agricultural and
industrial effluents significantly contribute to increase the concentration levels
of DOM in natural waters (Fu et al. 2010; McCalley et al. 1981; Silberhorn et al.
1990; Kramer et al. 1996; Mudge and Bebianno 1997; Manoli and Samara 1999;
Abril et al. 2002; Newton et al. 2003; Mostofa et al. 2005b, 2010; Richardson
2003, 2007; Mottaleb et al. 2005, 2009; Mudge and Duce 2005; Richardson
and Ternes 2005, 2011; Buser et al. 2006; Field et al. 2006; Lishman et al. 2006;
Rudel et al. 2006; Xia et al. 2006; Brown et al. 2007; Schmid et al. 2007; Farré
et al. 2008; Kinney et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2009; Ramirez et al. 2009; Citulski and
Farahbakhsh 2010; Kumar and Xagoraraki 2010; Pal et al. 2010; Yoon et al. 2010;
Kleywegt et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2011). The organic matter pollution is an important
problem in both developed and developing countries through input of untreated
sewerage and industrial effluents into natural waters. However, its impacts may be
much worse in developing countries due to the lack of sewerage treatment and of
industrial effluent treatment plants. The occurrence of DOM derived from anthropogenic and human activities is gradually increasing because of the increasing diffusion of domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. Some components of
sewerage-impacted DOM are made up of detergents or fluorescent whitening
agents (FWAs), including mostly diaminostilbene type (DAS1) and distyryl biphenyl (DSBP), protein-like components, sterols, and unknown organics (McCalley
et al. 1981; Mudge and Bebianno 1997; Mostofa et al. 2005b, 2010; Mudge and
Duce 2005). The organic components originating from agricultural wastes are pesticides, herbicides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their degradation products (Richardson 2007; Guo et al. 2009; Derbalah et al. 2003; Medana et al. 2005).
Recent studies show that emerging organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a ubiquitous class of organic chemicals of considerable concern for natural waters, and will be discussed in details
later. Wastewater-derived organic compounds can produce three major types
of toxic byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THMs), N-nitrosodimethylamine
(NDMA) and organic chloramines. These compounds may be formed either upon
(3.7)
2H 2 O 2 + CO 2 → CH 3 OH + 5/2O 2
∆H
0
= 530 kJ , ∆G
0
= 464 kJ
(3.8)
2H 2 O 2 + CO 2 → CH 4 + 3O 2
∆H
0
= 694 kJ , ∆G
0
= 580 kJ
(3.9)
H 2 O 2 + CO 2 → 1/6C 6 H 12 O 6 + 3/2O 2
∆H
0
= 426 kJ