I. Lipid Determination in Aquatic Samples
17
of the detennination. With careful attention to methodology, practice, and a good
knowledge of the literature in the chosen area of research, confidence in the
detennination of lipids in aquatic samples can soon be obtained.
Acknowledgments. I thank Sue Budge, Sharon Kennedy, and Jeanette Wells for
extracting and analyzing the freshwater samples and for carefully reading the
manuscript. I am especially grateful for the contribution that Sue Budge has made,
in the course of her Ph.D. thesis work, toward the procedures described here for
the detennination of fatty acid methyl esters. I also thank Dr. C. H. McKenzie for
algal identifications. Drs. M. T. Arts, W. W. Christie, and B. C. Wainman provided
critical reviews of the manuscript. This chapter is OSC contribution 275.
References
!
Ackman, RG. Extraction and analysis of omega-3 fatty acids: procedures and pitfalls. In:
Drevon, c.A.; Baksaas, I.; Krokan, H.E., eds. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Metabolism and
Biological Effects. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag; 1993:p. 11-20.
Ackman, RG. WCOT (capillary) gas-liquid chromatography. In: Hamilton, RJ.; Rossell,
J.B., eds. Analysis of Oils and Fats. London: Elsevier; 1986:p. 137-206.
Ahlgren, G.; Gustafsson, I-B.; Boberg, M. Fatty acid content and chemical composition of
freshwater microalgae. J. Phycol. 28:37-50; 1992.
Ahlgren, G.; Merino, L. Lipid analysis of freshwater microalgae: a method study. Arch.
Hydrobiol. 121:295-306; 1991.
American Oil Chemists' Society. A.O.C.S. official method Ce Ib-89. In: Official Methods
and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society. Champaign, IL:
The Society; 1989.
Andrade, A.D.; Rubira, A.F.; Matsushita, M.; Souza, N.E. 0>3 Fatty acids in freshwater fish
from south Brazil. J. Am. Oil Chern. Soc. 72:1207-1210; 1995.
Arts, M.T.; Evans, M.S. Optical-digital measurements of energy reserves in calanoid
copepods: intersegmental distribution and seasonal patterns. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36:289298; 1991.
Arts, M.T.; Evans, M.S.; Robarts, R.D. Seasonal patterns of total and energy reserve lipids
of dominant zooplankton crustaceans from a hyper-eutrophic lake. Oecologia 90:560571; 1992.
Barnes, H.; Blackstock, J. Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues: detailed
investigation of the sulphophosphovanillin method for 'total' lipids. J. Exp. Mar. BioI.
Ecol. 12:103-118; 1973.
Berge, J-P.; Gouygou, J-P.; Dubacq, J-P.; Durand, P. Reassessment of lipid composition of
the diatom Skeletonema costatum. Phytochemistry 39:1017-1021; 1995.
Bligh, E.G.; Dyer, w.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J.
Biochem. Physiol. 37:911-917; 1959.
Butler, N.M. Lipid storage in Diaptomus kenai (Copepoda; Calanoida): effects of inter- and
intraspecific variation in food quality. Hydrobiologia 274:9-16; 1994.
Chen, I.S.; Shen, C-S. J.; Sheppard, A.J. Comparison of methylene chloride and chloroform
for the extraction offats from food products. J. Am. Oil Chern. Soc. 58:599-601; 1981.
Christie, w.w. Separation of phospholipid classes by high-performance liquid chromatography. In: Christie, W.W., ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology-Three. Dundee, UK:
Oily Press; 1996:p. 77-107.
17
of the detennination. With careful attention to methodology, practice, and a good
knowledge of the literature in the chosen area of research, confidence in the
detennination of lipids in aquatic samples can soon be obtained.
Acknowledgments. I thank Sue Budge, Sharon Kennedy, and Jeanette Wells for
extracting and analyzing the freshwater samples and for carefully reading the
manuscript. I am especially grateful for the contribution that Sue Budge has made,
in the course of her Ph.D. thesis work, toward the procedures described here for
the detennination of fatty acid methyl esters. I also thank Dr. C. H. McKenzie for
algal identifications. Drs. M. T. Arts, W. W. Christie, and B. C. Wainman provided
critical reviews of the manuscript. This chapter is OSC contribution 275.
References
!
Ackman, RG. Extraction and analysis of omega-3 fatty acids: procedures and pitfalls. In:
Drevon, c.A.; Baksaas, I.; Krokan, H.E., eds. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Metabolism and
Biological Effects. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag; 1993:p. 11-20.
Ackman, RG. WCOT (capillary) gas-liquid chromatography. In: Hamilton, RJ.; Rossell,
J.B., eds. Analysis of Oils and Fats. London: Elsevier; 1986:p. 137-206.
Ahlgren, G.; Gustafsson, I-B.; Boberg, M. Fatty acid content and chemical composition of
freshwater microalgae. J. Phycol. 28:37-50; 1992.
Ahlgren, G.; Merino, L. Lipid analysis of freshwater microalgae: a method study. Arch.
Hydrobiol. 121:295-306; 1991.
American Oil Chemists' Society. A.O.C.S. official method Ce Ib-89. In: Official Methods
and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society. Champaign, IL:
The Society; 1989.
Andrade, A.D.; Rubira, A.F.; Matsushita, M.; Souza, N.E. 0>3 Fatty acids in freshwater fish
from south Brazil. J. Am. Oil Chern. Soc. 72:1207-1210; 1995.
Arts, M.T.; Evans, M.S. Optical-digital measurements of energy reserves in calanoid
copepods: intersegmental distribution and seasonal patterns. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36:289298; 1991.
Arts, M.T.; Evans, M.S.; Robarts, R.D. Seasonal patterns of total and energy reserve lipids
of dominant zooplankton crustaceans from a hyper-eutrophic lake. Oecologia 90:560571; 1992.
Barnes, H.; Blackstock, J. Estimation of lipids in marine animals and tissues: detailed
investigation of the sulphophosphovanillin method for 'total' lipids. J. Exp. Mar. BioI.
Ecol. 12:103-118; 1973.
Berge, J-P.; Gouygou, J-P.; Dubacq, J-P.; Durand, P. Reassessment of lipid composition of
the diatom Skeletonema costatum. Phytochemistry 39:1017-1021; 1995.
Bligh, E.G.; Dyer, w.J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J.
Biochem. Physiol. 37:911-917; 1959.
Butler, N.M. Lipid storage in Diaptomus kenai (Copepoda; Calanoida): effects of inter- and
intraspecific variation in food quality. Hydrobiologia 274:9-16; 1994.
Chen, I.S.; Shen, C-S. J.; Sheppard, A.J. Comparison of methylene chloride and chloroform
for the extraction offats from food products. J. Am. Oil Chern. Soc. 58:599-601; 1981.
Christie, w.w. Separation of phospholipid classes by high-performance liquid chromatography. In: Christie, W.W., ed. Advances in Lipid Methodology-Three. Dundee, UK:
Oily Press; 1996:p. 77-107.