393
expression of important phagocytosis receptors and natural killer cell function
(Pelto et al. 1998).
Probiotics when regularly consumed may enhance the innate immune and cytotoxic action of natural killer cells in aged persons, and this potential remain above
baseline even when probiotic intake is stopped (Gill et al. 2001; Sheih et al. 2001).
Some lactobacilli strains regulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule- 1 on HT-29 cells by induction of interferon (IFN)-γ (Delneste et al. 1998).
Exposure of Shigella flexneri reduced expression of Caco-2 cells and L. casei regulated expression of chemokines to attract macrophages as per the result of mRNA
microarrays (Tien et al. 2006). Protein kinase B is an antiapoptotic molecule activated by L. rhamnosus that inhibits cytokine-induced apoptosis (Yan and Polk,
2002).
Probiotic strains such as L. acidophilus enhance intestinal humoral immunity by
stimulation of B cells. Intake of fermented milk with B. bifidum followed by vaccination against Salmonella typhi causes enhancement of IgA serum concentration
(Link-Amster et al. 1994). Rotavirus vaccination in children also enhances the number of IgA-secreting cells in the presence of L. rhamnosus (Isolauri et al. 1995) and
also helps in acute rotavirus-induced diarrhea (Kaila et al. 1995; Majamaa et al.
1995). Probiotic organisms digest food and the resulting metabolites may have
immunoregulatory effects (Del Giudice et al. 2006). L. paracasei induced the development of a T-cell subset that participates in the oral tolerance and maintenance of
stability in the GI tract (von der Weid et al. 2001). Immunomodulation properties of
probiotics are bacteria- and strain specific. Walker (2000) reported enhancement of
immunity in children who are HIV positive.
Evidence indicated that intake of a diet with probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants,
and vitamins has a positive impact on the immune system. Probiotic microbes help
to restore equilibrium in the intestinal microbiome and in activation of immune
cells. This property of probiotic organisms is found to be useful for treatment of
immune-related disorders such as allergy (Castellazzi et al. 2013). Oral tolerance
suppresses immune response against intestinal microflora and common food allergens. Immunity will develop against foreign agents but will not develop against
self-antigens. Such “specific immunological hyporesponsiveness” depends on the
GI tract, which is immunologically active (Johansson et al. 2001; Dahan et al. 2007;
Leonardi et al. 2007).The effective action of probiotics for allergic respiratory diseases is not fully studied, especially in the infant stage where respiratory allergies
occur frequently where intestinal microbes are not established (Vliagoftis et al.
2008). Oral Lactobacillus supplementation in babies less than 2 years of age is
found to be not effective against asthma or atopic dermatitis (Rose et al. 2010).
Experiments and clinical trials give contradictory results about probiotic efficacy in
therapeutics because of the heterogeneity of strains and doses. Not many data for
treatment of respiratory allergies are available, in contrast to atopic dermatitis
(Kuitunen 2013; Burks et al. 2013).
Lymphoid tissue in the GI tract will be activated by probiotic bacteria (Vemuri
et al. 2014). Probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorate inflammation and enhance tolerance by increasing IL-10 synthesis and secretion in
16 Probiotics
expression of important phagocytosis receptors and natural killer cell function
(Pelto et al. 1998).
Probiotics when regularly consumed may enhance the innate immune and cytotoxic action of natural killer cells in aged persons, and this potential remain above
baseline even when probiotic intake is stopped (Gill et al. 2001; Sheih et al. 2001).
Some lactobacilli strains regulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule- 1 on HT-29 cells by induction of interferon (IFN)-γ (Delneste et al. 1998).
Exposure of Shigella flexneri reduced expression of Caco-2 cells and L. casei regulated expression of chemokines to attract macrophages as per the result of mRNA
microarrays (Tien et al. 2006). Protein kinase B is an antiapoptotic molecule activated by L. rhamnosus that inhibits cytokine-induced apoptosis (Yan and Polk,
2002).
Probiotic strains such as L. acidophilus enhance intestinal humoral immunity by
stimulation of B cells. Intake of fermented milk with B. bifidum followed by vaccination against Salmonella typhi causes enhancement of IgA serum concentration
(Link-Amster et al. 1994). Rotavirus vaccination in children also enhances the number of IgA-secreting cells in the presence of L. rhamnosus (Isolauri et al. 1995) and
also helps in acute rotavirus-induced diarrhea (Kaila et al. 1995; Majamaa et al.
1995). Probiotic organisms digest food and the resulting metabolites may have
immunoregulatory effects (Del Giudice et al. 2006). L. paracasei induced the development of a T-cell subset that participates in the oral tolerance and maintenance of
stability in the GI tract (von der Weid et al. 2001). Immunomodulation properties of
probiotics are bacteria- and strain specific. Walker (2000) reported enhancement of
immunity in children who are HIV positive.
Evidence indicated that intake of a diet with probiotics, prebiotics, antioxidants,
and vitamins has a positive impact on the immune system. Probiotic microbes help
to restore equilibrium in the intestinal microbiome and in activation of immune
cells. This property of probiotic organisms is found to be useful for treatment of
immune-related disorders such as allergy (Castellazzi et al. 2013). Oral tolerance
suppresses immune response against intestinal microflora and common food allergens. Immunity will develop against foreign agents but will not develop against
self-antigens. Such “specific immunological hyporesponsiveness” depends on the
GI tract, which is immunologically active (Johansson et al. 2001; Dahan et al. 2007;
Leonardi et al. 2007).The effective action of probiotics for allergic respiratory diseases is not fully studied, especially in the infant stage where respiratory allergies
occur frequently where intestinal microbes are not established (Vliagoftis et al.
2008). Oral Lactobacillus supplementation in babies less than 2 years of age is
found to be not effective against asthma or atopic dermatitis (Rose et al. 2010).
Experiments and clinical trials give contradictory results about probiotic efficacy in
therapeutics because of the heterogeneity of strains and doses. Not many data for
treatment of respiratory allergies are available, in contrast to atopic dermatitis
(Kuitunen 2013; Burks et al. 2013).
Lymphoid tissue in the GI tract will be activated by probiotic bacteria (Vemuri
et al. 2014). Probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorate inflammation and enhance tolerance by increasing IL-10 synthesis and secretion in
16 Probiotics