386
mechanism of beneficial effect includes reducing harmful microbes in the intestine
or by stimulating the body’s immune response and production of antimicrobial
metabolites.
16.3 Sources
Probiotic bacteria are generally known safe species that found in the human GI
tract. They are isolated, multiplied, concentrated, and preserved. These probiotic
bacteria could be used in food or dairy products as concentrated cultures at appropriate levels, or used as dietary supplements such as capsules or powder (Vemuri
et al. 2014).
The selected probiotic strain must have potential for health benefits without any
adverse effects in humans. For the application of probiotics as a dietary supplement,
they must survive in the GI tract where they should be active. Probiotics must be able
to resist salivary enzymes, stomach acids, intestinal enzymes, bile, and pH changes
together with other food and beverages in the tract. Competition will occur between
already existing microbes and probiotics. Viability, genomic stability and large-scale
culturability are desirable for probiotic bacteria to be successfully utilized as per the
technological requirements. Thus, intensive research is needed for the identification
and isolation of suitable probiotic strains, which is a very complex process.
Probiotic organisms have a major role in our digestive tract where there is a
healthy balance between many types of bacteria. Stress, lack of sleep, and drug
overusage together with environmental factors may alter the microbiota, giving way
to harmful bacteria.
Clostridia spp., Escherichia coli, enterococci, and lactobacilli were identified
before the 1960s. Later, many bacteria were identified using modern technologies.
A healthy digestive system filters and eliminates matter such as other bacteria that
have negative impact on growth, toxic metabolites, and waste accumulated after
digestion, which makes the body unhealthy. The healthy bacteria also assist in
maintenance of gut barrier function and are reported to have benefits against infectious diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating, gut transit, ulcer, enterocolitis necrosis,
etc. (Katharina et al. 2007). Research data shows that prebiotics increase calcium,
magnesium, and iron absorption (Katharina et al. 2007). Animal studies have shown
that immune response to a vaccine can be enhanced by certain probiotic strains and
that they reduce the risk of subsequent infection. Specialized Paneth cells in the
small intestine produce antibacterial defensins, and this action could be enhanced
by probiotics. As per in vitro analysis, probiotics and prebiotics can enhance the
resistance of tight junctions, possibly by production of occludins and claudins in
tight junctions of epithelium. Tight junction protein genes have been shown to
enhance the expression by a specific Lactobacillus strain (Yahg et al. 2015)
Probiotics have a major function in the action of the immune system. Malfunction
of the immune system results in allergic reactions and autoimmune disorders and
systemic diseases such as diabetics and obesity. Selected natural strains can be
referred to as first-generation probiotics, whereas in the next-generation
T.S. Swapna et al.
mechanism of beneficial effect includes reducing harmful microbes in the intestine
or by stimulating the body’s immune response and production of antimicrobial
metabolites.
16.3 Sources
Probiotic bacteria are generally known safe species that found in the human GI
tract. They are isolated, multiplied, concentrated, and preserved. These probiotic
bacteria could be used in food or dairy products as concentrated cultures at appropriate levels, or used as dietary supplements such as capsules or powder (Vemuri
et al. 2014).
The selected probiotic strain must have potential for health benefits without any
adverse effects in humans. For the application of probiotics as a dietary supplement,
they must survive in the GI tract where they should be active. Probiotics must be able
to resist salivary enzymes, stomach acids, intestinal enzymes, bile, and pH changes
together with other food and beverages in the tract. Competition will occur between
already existing microbes and probiotics. Viability, genomic stability and large-scale
culturability are desirable for probiotic bacteria to be successfully utilized as per the
technological requirements. Thus, intensive research is needed for the identification
and isolation of suitable probiotic strains, which is a very complex process.
Probiotic organisms have a major role in our digestive tract where there is a
healthy balance between many types of bacteria. Stress, lack of sleep, and drug
overusage together with environmental factors may alter the microbiota, giving way
to harmful bacteria.
Clostridia spp., Escherichia coli, enterococci, and lactobacilli were identified
before the 1960s. Later, many bacteria were identified using modern technologies.
A healthy digestive system filters and eliminates matter such as other bacteria that
have negative impact on growth, toxic metabolites, and waste accumulated after
digestion, which makes the body unhealthy. The healthy bacteria also assist in
maintenance of gut barrier function and are reported to have benefits against infectious diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating, gut transit, ulcer, enterocolitis necrosis,
etc. (Katharina et al. 2007). Research data shows that prebiotics increase calcium,
magnesium, and iron absorption (Katharina et al. 2007). Animal studies have shown
that immune response to a vaccine can be enhanced by certain probiotic strains and
that they reduce the risk of subsequent infection. Specialized Paneth cells in the
small intestine produce antibacterial defensins, and this action could be enhanced
by probiotics. As per in vitro analysis, probiotics and prebiotics can enhance the
resistance of tight junctions, possibly by production of occludins and claudins in
tight junctions of epithelium. Tight junction protein genes have been shown to
enhance the expression by a specific Lactobacillus strain (Yahg et al. 2015)
Probiotics have a major function in the action of the immune system. Malfunction
of the immune system results in allergic reactions and autoimmune disorders and
systemic diseases such as diabetics and obesity. Selected natural strains can be
referred to as first-generation probiotics, whereas in the next-generation
T.S. Swapna et al.