342
13.10 Conclusions
Our current arsenal of antibiotics is inadequate to combat many microorganisms
especially the drug-resistant ones (MDR, XDR, and TDR). As humanity is drifting
toward a vulnerable state equivalent to preantibiotic era, scientists are turning to
unusual sources for novel compounds. They are leaving no stones unturned in the
quest for finding effective drugs that can combat microorganisms and save humanity from infectious diseases. Thousands of compounds have been identified from
various sources that await further investigation and clinical trials. The efforts will
continue until man has the last laugh on pathogenic microorganisms.
References
Abed RMM, Dobretsov S, Al-Fori M, Gunasekera SP, Sudesh K, Paul VJ (2013) Quorum sensing
inhibitory compounds from extremophilic microorganisms isolated from a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 7:759–772
Ali MS, Saleem M, Yamdagni R, Ali MA (2002) Steroid and antibacterial steroidal glycosides
from marine green alga Codium iyengarii borgesen. Nat Prod Lett 16:407–413
Amruthalakshmi S, Yogamoorthi A (2015) Evaluation of antibacterial property of cell free hemolymph and hemocytes of marine gastropod, Rapana rapiformis from in shore waters of
Pondicherry, southeast coast of India. Malays J Med Biol Res 2:204–210
Araujo MG, Hilario F, Nogueira LG, Vilegas W, Santos LC, Bauab TM (2011) Chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of leaves of leiothrix spiralis ruhland and their antimicrobial
activity. Molecules 16:10479–10490
Armelagos GJ (1969) Disease in ancient Nubia. Science 163:255–259
Athiperumalsami T, Kumar V, Jesudass LL (2008) Survey and phytochemical analysis of sea
grasses in the Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. Bot Mar 51:269–277
Bassett EJ, Keith MS, Armelagos GJ, Martin DL, Villanueva AR (1980) Tetracycline labeled
human bone from ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350). Science 209:1532–1534
Benli M, Yigit N (2008) Antibacterial activity of venom from funnel web spider Agelena labyrinthica (araneae: agelenidae). J Venomous Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 14:641–650
Bhakuni DS, Rawat DS (2006) Bioactive marine natural products. Springer Science & Business
Media, New York, pp 1–396
Bhatnagar I, Kim SK (2010) Immense essence of excellence: marine microbial bioactive compounds. Mar Drugs 8:2673–2701
Borris RP (1996) Natural products research: perspectives from a major pharmaceutical company.
J Ethnopharmacol 51:29–38
Boston PJ, Spilde MN, Northup DE, Melim LA, Soroka DS, Kleina LG, Lavoie KH, Hose LD,
Mallory LM, Dahm CN, Crossey LJ (2001) Cave biosignature suites: microbes, minerals, and
Mars. Astrobiology 1:25–55
Bradshaw J (2003) Cationic antimicrobial peptides: issues for potential clinical use. BioDrugs
17:233–240
Branco R, Chung AP, Morais PV (2008) Sequencing and expression of two arsenic resistance
operons with different functions in the highly arsenic-resistant strain Ochrobactrum tritici
SCII24T. BMC Microbiol 8:95–106
Bugni TS, Ireland CM (2004) Marine-derived fungi: a chemically and biologically diverse group
of microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 21:143–163
Bultel-Ponce V, Berge JP, Debitus C, Nicolas JL, Guyot M (1999) Metabolites from the spongeassociated bacterium Pseudomonas species. Mar Biotechnol 1:384–390
Lini Nirmala and D.P. Zyju
13.10 Conclusions
Our current arsenal of antibiotics is inadequate to combat many microorganisms
especially the drug-resistant ones (MDR, XDR, and TDR). As humanity is drifting
toward a vulnerable state equivalent to preantibiotic era, scientists are turning to
unusual sources for novel compounds. They are leaving no stones unturned in the
quest for finding effective drugs that can combat microorganisms and save humanity from infectious diseases. Thousands of compounds have been identified from
various sources that await further investigation and clinical trials. The efforts will
continue until man has the last laugh on pathogenic microorganisms.
References
Abed RMM, Dobretsov S, Al-Fori M, Gunasekera SP, Sudesh K, Paul VJ (2013) Quorum sensing
inhibitory compounds from extremophilic microorganisms isolated from a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 7:759–772
Ali MS, Saleem M, Yamdagni R, Ali MA (2002) Steroid and antibacterial steroidal glycosides
from marine green alga Codium iyengarii borgesen. Nat Prod Lett 16:407–413
Amruthalakshmi S, Yogamoorthi A (2015) Evaluation of antibacterial property of cell free hemolymph and hemocytes of marine gastropod, Rapana rapiformis from in shore waters of
Pondicherry, southeast coast of India. Malays J Med Biol Res 2:204–210
Araujo MG, Hilario F, Nogueira LG, Vilegas W, Santos LC, Bauab TM (2011) Chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of leaves of leiothrix spiralis ruhland and their antimicrobial
activity. Molecules 16:10479–10490
Armelagos GJ (1969) Disease in ancient Nubia. Science 163:255–259
Athiperumalsami T, Kumar V, Jesudass LL (2008) Survey and phytochemical analysis of sea
grasses in the Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. Bot Mar 51:269–277
Bassett EJ, Keith MS, Armelagos GJ, Martin DL, Villanueva AR (1980) Tetracycline labeled
human bone from ancient Sudanese Nubia (A.D. 350). Science 209:1532–1534
Benli M, Yigit N (2008) Antibacterial activity of venom from funnel web spider Agelena labyrinthica (araneae: agelenidae). J Venomous Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 14:641–650
Bhakuni DS, Rawat DS (2006) Bioactive marine natural products. Springer Science & Business
Media, New York, pp 1–396
Bhatnagar I, Kim SK (2010) Immense essence of excellence: marine microbial bioactive compounds. Mar Drugs 8:2673–2701
Borris RP (1996) Natural products research: perspectives from a major pharmaceutical company.
J Ethnopharmacol 51:29–38
Boston PJ, Spilde MN, Northup DE, Melim LA, Soroka DS, Kleina LG, Lavoie KH, Hose LD,
Mallory LM, Dahm CN, Crossey LJ (2001) Cave biosignature suites: microbes, minerals, and
Mars. Astrobiology 1:25–55
Bradshaw J (2003) Cationic antimicrobial peptides: issues for potential clinical use. BioDrugs
17:233–240
Branco R, Chung AP, Morais PV (2008) Sequencing and expression of two arsenic resistance
operons with different functions in the highly arsenic-resistant strain Ochrobactrum tritici
SCII24T. BMC Microbiol 8:95–106
Bugni TS, Ireland CM (2004) Marine-derived fungi: a chemically and biologically diverse group
of microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 21:143–163
Bultel-Ponce V, Berge JP, Debitus C, Nicolas JL, Guyot M (1999) Metabolites from the spongeassociated bacterium Pseudomonas species. Mar Biotechnol 1:384–390
Lini Nirmala and D.P. Zyju