320
bacteriologist Alexander Fleming from Penicillium chrysogenum, a common mold
found in indoor environments such as dust, damp air and building materials.
P. chrysogenum was earlier known as P. notatum. Penicillin was the first antibiotic
of the β-lactam class of antibiotics that contain a characteristic β-lactam ring in their
molecular structure. Other members of this group are produced by modification of
the β-lactam ring. Methicillin was the first modified antibiotic of this group.
Modifications to the β-lactam ring were performed to change the properties of the
original molecule to produce new classes of penicillins like the aminopenicillins,
carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. These antibiotics have a broad spectrum
Table 12.2 Some of the recently identified antimicrobial secondary metabolites from fungi
Species
Source
Preparation
Biological activity/Targets
Ganoderm
alucidum
Mycelium
Ganoderan
Antiviral
Ganoderma
pfeifferi
Mycelium
Ganomycin
Antibacterial
Grifola frondosa Fruit bodies,
mycelium and
culture liquid
β-(1,3)-D-glucan
Antiviral and antimicrobial
activity
Pleurotus
ostreatus
Mycelium
Ethanolic extract
Antibacterial, antifungal
Lentinus edodes Fruit bodies
and mycelium
Lentinan
Antiviral and antibacterial
(Streptococcus, Actinomyces
spp., Lactobacillus spp.,
Prevotella spp. and
Porphyromonas spp. of
bacteria)
Culture liquid Cortinelin and Eritadenin
Antibiotic activity
Inonotus
hispidus
Fruit bodies
Hispolon and Hispidin
Antiviral activity
Coprinus
spp
Culture fluid
Coprinol
Multidrug-resistant grampositive bacteria
Pleurotus
eryngii
Eryngin (Antifungal
peptide)
Fusarium oxysporum and
Mycosphaerella arachidicola
Monascus spp.
Ethanol:
n-hexane
(1:10) extract
Monascidin A
B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and
E. coli
Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Mucor,
Rubropunctatin and
monascorubin(Pigments)
Fusarium, Alternaria and
Botrytis
Citrinin
Gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria
Pleurotus
sajor-caju
12 kDa ribonuclease
F. oxysporun, M.
arachidicola, P. aeruginosa
and S. aureus
D. Francis
bacteriologist Alexander Fleming from Penicillium chrysogenum, a common mold
found in indoor environments such as dust, damp air and building materials.
P. chrysogenum was earlier known as P. notatum. Penicillin was the first antibiotic
of the β-lactam class of antibiotics that contain a characteristic β-lactam ring in their
molecular structure. Other members of this group are produced by modification of
the β-lactam ring. Methicillin was the first modified antibiotic of this group.
Modifications to the β-lactam ring were performed to change the properties of the
original molecule to produce new classes of penicillins like the aminopenicillins,
carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. These antibiotics have a broad spectrum
Table 12.2 Some of the recently identified antimicrobial secondary metabolites from fungi
Species
Source
Preparation
Biological activity/Targets
Ganoderm
alucidum
Mycelium
Ganoderan
Antiviral
Ganoderma
pfeifferi
Mycelium
Ganomycin
Antibacterial
Grifola frondosa Fruit bodies,
mycelium and
culture liquid
β-(1,3)-D-glucan
Antiviral and antimicrobial
activity
Pleurotus
ostreatus
Mycelium
Ethanolic extract
Antibacterial, antifungal
Lentinus edodes Fruit bodies
and mycelium
Lentinan
Antiviral and antibacterial
(Streptococcus, Actinomyces
spp., Lactobacillus spp.,
Prevotella spp. and
Porphyromonas spp. of
bacteria)
Culture liquid Cortinelin and Eritadenin
Antibiotic activity
Inonotus
hispidus
Fruit bodies
Hispolon and Hispidin
Antiviral activity
Coprinus
spp
Culture fluid
Coprinol
Multidrug-resistant grampositive bacteria
Pleurotus
eryngii
Eryngin (Antifungal
peptide)
Fusarium oxysporum and
Mycosphaerella arachidicola
Monascus spp.
Ethanol:
n-hexane
(1:10) extract
Monascidin A
B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and
E. coli
Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Mucor,
Rubropunctatin and
monascorubin(Pigments)
Fusarium, Alternaria and
Botrytis
Citrinin
Gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria
Pleurotus
sajor-caju
12 kDa ribonuclease
F. oxysporun, M.
arachidicola, P. aeruginosa
and S. aureus
D. Francis