2.1.3.1 Model for Viscous Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
2.2
Electrophoretic Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2.2.1 Existing Methods – Brief Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2.2.2 Multistage Electrophoretic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
2.2.3 Theory and Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2.2.3.1 Mass Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2.2.3.2 Mixed Cells/Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
2.2.3.3 Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3
Extraction ofMacromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.1
Existing Methods – Brief Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3.2
Magnetic and Electro-Extraction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.2.1 Magnetic Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.2.2 Electro-Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
3.3
Multistage Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3.4
Theory and Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4
Scale-Up and Economic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5
Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6
Suggestions for Future W ork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
a cell
cell radius (m)
a p
particle radius (m)
A
area over which the field is applied (m
2
)
A T
effective surface (heat transfer) area of the chamber (m
2 )
ADH
alcohol dehydrogenase
ADSEP
advanced separator
AP
affinity partitioning
ATPE
aqueous two-phase extraction
ATPF
aqueous two-phase fermentation
ATPS
aqueous two-phase system
B
applied magnetic field (kg A –1 s –2 or tesla, T)
B r
magnetic field component in r direction (kg A –1 s –2 or tesla, T)
B z
magnetic field component in z direction (kg A –1 s –2 or tesla, T)
C
cell concentration (cells ml –1 )
C p
specific heat of the media carrying the current (kJ kg –1 K –1 )
C pc
specific heat of the coolant (kJ kg –1 K –1 )
CCD
counter-current distribution
140
K.S.M.S. Raghavarao et al.
2.2
Electrophoretic Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2.2.1 Existing Methods – Brief Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2.2.2 Multistage Electrophoretic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
2.2.3 Theory and Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2.2.3.1 Mass Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2.2.3.2 Mixed Cells/Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
2.2.3.3 Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3
Extraction ofMacromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.1
Existing Methods – Brief Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
3.2
Magnetic and Electro-Extraction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.2.1 Magnetic Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
3.2.2 Electro-Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
3.3
Multistage Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3.4
Theory and Mathematical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4
Scale-Up and Economic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5
Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6
Suggestions for Future W ork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
List of Abbreviations and Symbols
a cell
cell radius (m)
a p
particle radius (m)
A
area over which the field is applied (m
2
)
A T
effective surface (heat transfer) area of the chamber (m
2 )
ADH
alcohol dehydrogenase
ADSEP
advanced separator
AP
affinity partitioning
ATPE
aqueous two-phase extraction
ATPF
aqueous two-phase fermentation
ATPS
aqueous two-phase system
B
applied magnetic field (kg A –1 s –2 or tesla, T)
B r
magnetic field component in r direction (kg A –1 s –2 or tesla, T)
B z
magnetic field component in z direction (kg A –1 s –2 or tesla, T)
C
cell concentration (cells ml –1 )
C p
specific heat of the media carrying the current (kJ kg –1 K –1 )
C pc
specific heat of the coolant (kJ kg –1 K –1 )
CCD
counter-current distribution
140
K.S.M.S. Raghavarao et al.