326. Grunwald P (2009) Biocatalysis, Imperial College Press, p 777
327. Bommarius AS, Riebel BR (2004) Biocatalysis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 61
328. Penning TM, Jez JM (2001) Chem. Rev. 101: 3027
329. Reetz MT, Zonta A, Schimossek K, Liebeton K, Jaeger KE (1997) Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. 36: 2830
330. Renata H, Wang ZJ, Arnold FH (2015) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54: 3351.
331. Cheng F, Zhu L, Schwaneberg U (2015) Chem. Commun. 51: 9760.
332. Reetz MT (2011) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50: 138.
333. Toscano MD, Woycechowsky KJ, Hilvert D (2007) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46: 3212
334. Gerlt JA, Babbitt PC (2009) Curr. Opinion Chem. Biol. 13: 10
335. Morley KL, Kazlauskas RJ (2005) Trends Biotechnol. 23: 231
336. Eigen M (1971) Naturwissenschaften 58: 465.
337. Shivange AV, Marienhagen J, Mundhada H, Schenk A, Schwaneberg U (2009) Curr.
Opinion Chem. Biol. 13: 19
338. Baumann M, Stürmer R, Bornscheuer UT (2001) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40: 4201
339. Reetz MT, Becker MH, Kühling KM, Holzwarth A (1998) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37: 2647
340. Turner NJ (2009) Nature Chem. Biol. 5: 567
341. Reetz MT (2006) Adv. Catal. 49: 1
342. Demirjian DC, Shah PC, Moris-Varas F (1999) Top. Curr. Chem. 200: 1
343. Wahler D, Reymond JL (2001) Curr. Opinion Chem. Biol. 5: 152
344. Guo HH, Choe J, Loeb LA (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 9205.
345. Chen KQ, Arnold FH (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5618.
346. Reetz MT (2002) Tetrahedron 58: 6595
347. Kourist R, Bartsch S, Bornscheuer UT (2007) Adv. Synth. Catal. 349: 1391
348. Henke E, Pleiss J, Bornscheuer UT (2003) ChemBioChem 4: 485
349. Bartsch S, Kourist R, Bornscheuer UT (2008) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47: 1508
350. B€ ottcher D, Bornscheuer UT (2006) Nature Protocols 1: 2340
351. Jansonius JN (1987) Enzyme mechanism: what X-ray crystallography can(not) tell us. In:
Moras D, Drenth J, Strandlberg B, Suck D, Wilson K (eds) Crystallography in Molecular
Biology. Plenum Press, New York, p 229
352. Rubin B (1994) Struct. Biol. 1: 568
353. Heliwell JR, Helliwell M (1996) Chem. Commun. 1595
354. Alternatively, protein structures can be determined in solution by NMR spectroscopy,
provided that the enzyme is not too large ( 40 kDa).
355. Fersht A (1977) Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. Freeman, San Francisco, p 15
356. Schrag JD, Cygler M (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 230: 575
357. Grochulski P, Li Y, Schrag JD, Bouthillier F, Smith P, Harrison D, Rubin B, Cygler M
(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268: 12843
358. Uppenberg J, Hansen MT, Patkar S, Jones TA (1994) Structure 2: 293
359. Noble MEM, Cleasby A, Johnson LN, Egmond MR, Frenken LGJ (1993) FEBS Lett. 331:
123
360. Burkert U, Allinger NL (1982) Molecular mechanics; In: Caserio MC (ed) ACS Monograph,
vol 177. ACS, Washington
361. Zhang Y (2009) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 19: 145.
362. Wijma HJ, Janssen DB (2013) FEBS J. 280: 2948.
363. Gerlt JA, Allen KN, Almo SC, Armstrong RN, Babbitt PC, Cronan JE, Dunaway-Mariano D,
Imker HJ, Jacobson MP, Minor W, Poulter CD, Raushel FM, Sali A, Shoichet BK, Sweedler
JV (2011) Biochemistry 50: 9950.
364. Pleiss J (2011) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 22: 611.
365. Norin M, Hult K, Mattson A, Norin T (1993) Biocatalysis 7: 131
366. Fitzpatrick PA, Ringe D, Klibanov AM (1992) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40: 735
367. Ortiz de Montellano PR, Fruetel JA, Collins JR, Camper DL, Loew GH (1991) J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 113: 3195
270
2 Biocatalytic Applications
327. Bommarius AS, Riebel BR (2004) Biocatalysis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 61
328. Penning TM, Jez JM (2001) Chem. Rev. 101: 3027
329. Reetz MT, Zonta A, Schimossek K, Liebeton K, Jaeger KE (1997) Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. 36: 2830
330. Renata H, Wang ZJ, Arnold FH (2015) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54: 3351.
331. Cheng F, Zhu L, Schwaneberg U (2015) Chem. Commun. 51: 9760.
332. Reetz MT (2011) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50: 138.
333. Toscano MD, Woycechowsky KJ, Hilvert D (2007) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46: 3212
334. Gerlt JA, Babbitt PC (2009) Curr. Opinion Chem. Biol. 13: 10
335. Morley KL, Kazlauskas RJ (2005) Trends Biotechnol. 23: 231
336. Eigen M (1971) Naturwissenschaften 58: 465.
337. Shivange AV, Marienhagen J, Mundhada H, Schenk A, Schwaneberg U (2009) Curr.
Opinion Chem. Biol. 13: 19
338. Baumann M, Stürmer R, Bornscheuer UT (2001) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40: 4201
339. Reetz MT, Becker MH, Kühling KM, Holzwarth A (1998) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37: 2647
340. Turner NJ (2009) Nature Chem. Biol. 5: 567
341. Reetz MT (2006) Adv. Catal. 49: 1
342. Demirjian DC, Shah PC, Moris-Varas F (1999) Top. Curr. Chem. 200: 1
343. Wahler D, Reymond JL (2001) Curr. Opinion Chem. Biol. 5: 152
344. Guo HH, Choe J, Loeb LA (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 9205.
345. Chen KQ, Arnold FH (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5618.
346. Reetz MT (2002) Tetrahedron 58: 6595
347. Kourist R, Bartsch S, Bornscheuer UT (2007) Adv. Synth. Catal. 349: 1391
348. Henke E, Pleiss J, Bornscheuer UT (2003) ChemBioChem 4: 485
349. Bartsch S, Kourist R, Bornscheuer UT (2008) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47: 1508
350. B€ ottcher D, Bornscheuer UT (2006) Nature Protocols 1: 2340
351. Jansonius JN (1987) Enzyme mechanism: what X-ray crystallography can(not) tell us. In:
Moras D, Drenth J, Strandlberg B, Suck D, Wilson K (eds) Crystallography in Molecular
Biology. Plenum Press, New York, p 229
352. Rubin B (1994) Struct. Biol. 1: 568
353. Heliwell JR, Helliwell M (1996) Chem. Commun. 1595
354. Alternatively, protein structures can be determined in solution by NMR spectroscopy,
provided that the enzyme is not too large ( 40 kDa).
355. Fersht A (1977) Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. Freeman, San Francisco, p 15
356. Schrag JD, Cygler M (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 230: 575
357. Grochulski P, Li Y, Schrag JD, Bouthillier F, Smith P, Harrison D, Rubin B, Cygler M
(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268: 12843
358. Uppenberg J, Hansen MT, Patkar S, Jones TA (1994) Structure 2: 293
359. Noble MEM, Cleasby A, Johnson LN, Egmond MR, Frenken LGJ (1993) FEBS Lett. 331:
123
360. Burkert U, Allinger NL (1982) Molecular mechanics; In: Caserio MC (ed) ACS Monograph,
vol 177. ACS, Washington
361. Zhang Y (2009) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 19: 145.
362. Wijma HJ, Janssen DB (2013) FEBS J. 280: 2948.
363. Gerlt JA, Allen KN, Almo SC, Armstrong RN, Babbitt PC, Cronan JE, Dunaway-Mariano D,
Imker HJ, Jacobson MP, Minor W, Poulter CD, Raushel FM, Sali A, Shoichet BK, Sweedler
JV (2011) Biochemistry 50: 9950.
364. Pleiss J (2011) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 22: 611.
365. Norin M, Hult K, Mattson A, Norin T (1993) Biocatalysis 7: 131
366. Fitzpatrick PA, Ringe D, Klibanov AM (1992) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 40: 735
367. Ortiz de Montellano PR, Fruetel JA, Collins JR, Camper DL, Loew GH (1991) J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 113: 3195
270
2 Biocatalytic Applications