Table 4.1. Modeling methods: key references and examples.
Method Key references
Example of ecological applications
Bioclimatic envelopes
ANUCLIM: Nix (1986) and CRES (1999)
ANUCLIM: Kauri Pine in New Zealand (Mitchell 1992),
Eucalypts in South Africa (Richardson and McMahon
1992), Leadbeater’s Possum (Lindenmayer et al.
1991b), and Myrtle Beech (Busby 1986) in Australia
Other: plant species in United States (Box et al. 1993)
Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) Jongman et al. (1995) and ter Braak (1986)
Rock outcrop vegetation, United States (Wiser et al.
1996), and halophytic plant communities, China (Pan
et al. 1998)
Multivariate distance methods
DOMAIN: CIFOR (1999)
DOMAIN: marsupials in Australia (Carpenter et al. 1993)
Other: wolf distribution in Italy (Corsi et al. 1999)
Generalized linear models
McCullagh and Nelder (1989) and Agresti (1996) Arboreal marsupials in Australia (Lindenmayer et al.
1990a,b, 1991a), Eucalypts in Australia (Austin et al.
1983, 1984, 1990, 1994a), alpine plants in Switzerland
(Guisan 1998), and a bird species in America
(Ak¸ cakaya and Atwood 1997)
Generalized additive models
Hastie and Tibshirani (1990)
Trees in New Zealand (Yee and Mitchell 1991), Eucalypts in Australia (Austin and Meyers 1996), and wetland plants in The Netherlands (Bio et al. 1998)
Habitat suitability indices
Schamberger and O’Neil (1984)
Birds in United States (Van Horne and Wiens 1991), Bandicoots in Australia (Reading et al. 1996)
Machine learning methods
Decision trees
Brieman et al. (1984)
Vegetation mapping in Australia (Keith and Bedward, 1999), forest type in United States (Lynn et al. 1995)
Neural networks
Aleksander and Morton (1990)
Fish in France (Mastrorillo et al. 1997) and land systems in Canada (Gong et al. 1996)
Genetic algorithms
Mitchell (1996) GARP algorithm in Australia (Austin and Meyers 1995; Stockwell and Noble 1992), applied to plant species (Elith et al. 1998)
Method Key references
Example of ecological applications
Bioclimatic envelopes
ANUCLIM: Nix (1986) and CRES (1999)
ANUCLIM: Kauri Pine in New Zealand (Mitchell 1992),
Eucalypts in South Africa (Richardson and McMahon
1992), Leadbeater’s Possum (Lindenmayer et al.
1991b), and Myrtle Beech (Busby 1986) in Australia
Other: plant species in United States (Box et al. 1993)
Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) Jongman et al. (1995) and ter Braak (1986)
Rock outcrop vegetation, United States (Wiser et al.
1996), and halophytic plant communities, China (Pan
et al. 1998)
Multivariate distance methods
DOMAIN: CIFOR (1999)
DOMAIN: marsupials in Australia (Carpenter et al. 1993)
Other: wolf distribution in Italy (Corsi et al. 1999)
Generalized linear models
McCullagh and Nelder (1989) and Agresti (1996) Arboreal marsupials in Australia (Lindenmayer et al.
1990a,b, 1991a), Eucalypts in Australia (Austin et al.
1983, 1984, 1990, 1994a), alpine plants in Switzerland
(Guisan 1998), and a bird species in America
(Ak¸ cakaya and Atwood 1997)
Generalized additive models
Hastie and Tibshirani (1990)
Trees in New Zealand (Yee and Mitchell 1991), Eucalypts in Australia (Austin and Meyers 1996), and wetland plants in The Netherlands (Bio et al. 1998)
Habitat suitability indices
Schamberger and O’Neil (1984)
Birds in United States (Van Horne and Wiens 1991), Bandicoots in Australia (Reading et al. 1996)
Machine learning methods
Decision trees
Brieman et al. (1984)
Vegetation mapping in Australia (Keith and Bedward, 1999), forest type in United States (Lynn et al. 1995)
Neural networks
Aleksander and Morton (1990)
Fish in France (Mastrorillo et al. 1997) and land systems in Canada (Gong et al. 1996)
Genetic algorithms
Mitchell (1996) GARP algorithm in Australia (Austin and Meyers 1995; Stockwell and Noble 1992), applied to plant species (Elith et al. 1998)