Sediment Dynamics by Bioturbating Organisms
a
d
c
~
~ '~~ "
.. ~ . . -'
b
133
Fig.6.3a-d. Experimental disturbance of layered sediments in aquariums by different
organisms. a Temporarily resting Cumacea; b burying crab Corystes; c Buccinum
moving towards surface; and d digging Ensis. (Schafer 1956)
flats in Japan (Tamaki 1988); Callianassa filholi in New Zealand tidal flats
(Berkenbusch and Rowden 1999); and Callianassa subterranea in the subtidal
North Sea (Witbaard and Duineveld 1989; Rowden et al.I998).
6.3.2 Deposit Feeders
Deposit feeders are often mentioned as the main bioturbators (Levinton 1995;
Boudreau 1998). They may transport sediment in a vertical direction, either
bringing sediment from deeper layers to the surface (conveyer-belt species,
Rhoads 1974, e.g. the polychaete Heteromastus and some callianassid crusta-
a
d
c
~
~ '~~ "
.. ~ . . -'
b
133
Fig.6.3a-d. Experimental disturbance of layered sediments in aquariums by different
organisms. a Temporarily resting Cumacea; b burying crab Corystes; c Buccinum
moving towards surface; and d digging Ensis. (Schafer 1956)
flats in Japan (Tamaki 1988); Callianassa filholi in New Zealand tidal flats
(Berkenbusch and Rowden 1999); and Callianassa subterranea in the subtidal
North Sea (Witbaard and Duineveld 1989; Rowden et al.I998).
6.3.2 Deposit Feeders
Deposit feeders are often mentioned as the main bioturbators (Levinton 1995;
Boudreau 1998). They may transport sediment in a vertical direction, either
bringing sediment from deeper layers to the surface (conveyer-belt species,
Rhoads 1974, e.g. the polychaete Heteromastus and some callianassid crusta-