X
6.3
Types of Bioturbation
6.3.1
Crawling and Dwelling Traces
6.3.2
Deposit Feeders . . . . . . . .
6.3.3
Larger Predators and Grazers
6.4
Seasonal Variation .....
6.5
Latitudinal Variation ....
6.6
Changes in Historical Times
6.7
Conclusions
References ......
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Competitive Bioturbators on Intertidal Sand Flats in the
European Wadden Sea and Ariake Sound in Japan
E. Flach, A. Tamaki
Introduction
Large Bioturbators . . . . . .
Lugworms in the Wadden Sea
Effects of Lugworms on the Benthic Community
Ghost Shrimps in the Ariake Sound
Estuarine System in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6
Effects of the Ghost Shrimp Expansion and Decline
7.6.1
Effects on Sediment Properties . . . . . . . . .
7.6.2
Effects on Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.7
Comparisons Between Biogeographic Regions
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Biological and Physical Processes
Contents
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l32
l33
l34
l38
139
141
142
143
149
149
150
151
153
158
163
163
164
165
168
That Affect Saltmarsh Erosion and Saltmarsh Restoration:
Development of Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
R.G.Hughes
8.1
Introduction. . . . .
173
8.2
Managed Realignment
178
8.2.1
Physical Factors . .
178
8.2.2
Biological Factors . . .
179
8.2.2.1
Effects of the Flora ..
179
8.2.2.2 Effects of Invertebrates
180
8.3
Managing Sediment Accretion and Development
of Saltmarsh Vegetation in Managed Realignment Sites
182
8.3.1
Physical Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
182