76
C. Schafer-Neth . K. Stattegger
cluded in the surface forcing fields of the experiments. In the present study, the
heat loss to ice was generally of the same order of magnitude as the surface
heat flux or even larger, and a surface heat-flux reduction would not have had
significant effects. This would be even more the case if additional iceberg deterioration mechanisms (White et al. 1980) were included in the model, thereby causing higher heat loss of the ocean to the icebergs.
Acknowlegements
We wish to thank A. Paul for his thorough and fruitful review. This work was
supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the framework of
Sonderforschungsbereich 313, University of Kiel.
References
Andrews, J. T., Erlenkeuser, H., Tedesco, K., Aksu, A., and Jull, A. (1994) Late Quaternary
(Stage 2 and 3) Meltwater and Heinrich Events, Northwest Labrador Sea. Quaternary
Research, 41: 26-34.
Bischof, J. (1994) The Decay of the Barents Ice Sheet as Documented in Nordic Seas IceRafted Debris. Marine Geology, 117,35-55.
Bond, G. C. and 13 others. (1992) Evidence for Massive Discharges of Icebergs into the
North Atlantic Ocean During the Last Glacial Period. Nature, 360: 245-249.
Bond, G. C. (1995) Climate and Conveyor. Nature, 377: 383-384.
Bond, G. C. and Lotti, R. (1995) Iceberg Discharges into the North Atlantic on Millenial
Time Scales During the Last Glaciation. Science, 267: 1005-1009.
Broecker, W. S. (1991) The Great Ocean Conveyor. Oceanography, 1: 79-89.
Dowdeswell, J. A. and Murray, T. (1990) Modelling Rates of Sedimentation from Icebergs.
In Dowdeswell, J. A. and Scourse, J. C., eds., Glacimarine Environments: Processes and
Sediments. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 53: 121-137.
Dowdeswell, J. A., Maslin, M., Andrews, J., and McCave, I. N. (1995) Iceberg Production,
Debris Rafting, and the Extent and Thickness of Heinrich Layers (H-1, H-2) in North
Atlantic Sediments. Geology, 23: 301-304.
Foldvik, A., Gammelsrod, T., and Gjessing, Y. (1980) Flow Around Icebergs. Annals of
Glaciology, 1: 67-70.
Grousset, F. E., Labeyrie, L., Sinko, J., Cremer, M., Bond, G., Duprat, J., Cortijo, E., and
Huon, S. (1993) Patterns of Ice-Rafted Detritus in the Glacial North Atlantic (4055 ON). Paleoceanography, 8: 175-192.
Gwiazda, R. H., Hemming, S., and Broecker, W. (1996 a) Tracking the Sources ofIcebergs
with Lead Isotopes: The Provenance of Ice-Rafted Debris in Heinrich Layer 2. Paleoceanography, 11: 77-93.
Gwiazda, R. H., Hemming, S., and Broecker, W. (1996 b) Provenance of Icebergs During
Heinrich Event 3 and the Contrast to their Sources During Other Heinrich Episodes.
Paleoceanography, 11: 371-378.
Haupt, B. J., Schafer-Neth, c., and Stattegger, K. (1994) Modelling Sediment Drifts; A
Coupled Oceanic Circulation-Sedimentation Model of the Northern North Atlantic.
Paleoceanography, 9: 897-916.
Haupt, B. J., Schiifer-Neth, C., and Stattegger, K. (1995) Three-Dimensional Numerical
Modelling of Late Quaternary Paleoceanography and Sedimentation in the Northern
North Atlantic. Geologische Rundschau, 84: 137-150.
C. Schafer-Neth . K. Stattegger
cluded in the surface forcing fields of the experiments. In the present study, the
heat loss to ice was generally of the same order of magnitude as the surface
heat flux or even larger, and a surface heat-flux reduction would not have had
significant effects. This would be even more the case if additional iceberg deterioration mechanisms (White et al. 1980) were included in the model, thereby causing higher heat loss of the ocean to the icebergs.
Acknowlegements
We wish to thank A. Paul for his thorough and fruitful review. This work was
supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the framework of
Sonderforschungsbereich 313, University of Kiel.
References
Andrews, J. T., Erlenkeuser, H., Tedesco, K., Aksu, A., and Jull, A. (1994) Late Quaternary
(Stage 2 and 3) Meltwater and Heinrich Events, Northwest Labrador Sea. Quaternary
Research, 41: 26-34.
Bischof, J. (1994) The Decay of the Barents Ice Sheet as Documented in Nordic Seas IceRafted Debris. Marine Geology, 117,35-55.
Bond, G. C. and 13 others. (1992) Evidence for Massive Discharges of Icebergs into the
North Atlantic Ocean During the Last Glacial Period. Nature, 360: 245-249.
Bond, G. C. (1995) Climate and Conveyor. Nature, 377: 383-384.
Bond, G. C. and Lotti, R. (1995) Iceberg Discharges into the North Atlantic on Millenial
Time Scales During the Last Glaciation. Science, 267: 1005-1009.
Broecker, W. S. (1991) The Great Ocean Conveyor. Oceanography, 1: 79-89.
Dowdeswell, J. A. and Murray, T. (1990) Modelling Rates of Sedimentation from Icebergs.
In Dowdeswell, J. A. and Scourse, J. C., eds., Glacimarine Environments: Processes and
Sediments. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 53: 121-137.
Dowdeswell, J. A., Maslin, M., Andrews, J., and McCave, I. N. (1995) Iceberg Production,
Debris Rafting, and the Extent and Thickness of Heinrich Layers (H-1, H-2) in North
Atlantic Sediments. Geology, 23: 301-304.
Foldvik, A., Gammelsrod, T., and Gjessing, Y. (1980) Flow Around Icebergs. Annals of
Glaciology, 1: 67-70.
Grousset, F. E., Labeyrie, L., Sinko, J., Cremer, M., Bond, G., Duprat, J., Cortijo, E., and
Huon, S. (1993) Patterns of Ice-Rafted Detritus in the Glacial North Atlantic (4055 ON). Paleoceanography, 8: 175-192.
Gwiazda, R. H., Hemming, S., and Broecker, W. (1996 a) Tracking the Sources ofIcebergs
with Lead Isotopes: The Provenance of Ice-Rafted Debris in Heinrich Layer 2. Paleoceanography, 11: 77-93.
Gwiazda, R. H., Hemming, S., and Broecker, W. (1996 b) Provenance of Icebergs During
Heinrich Event 3 and the Contrast to their Sources During Other Heinrich Episodes.
Paleoceanography, 11: 371-378.
Haupt, B. J., Schafer-Neth, c., and Stattegger, K. (1994) Modelling Sediment Drifts; A
Coupled Oceanic Circulation-Sedimentation Model of the Northern North Atlantic.
Paleoceanography, 9: 897-916.
Haupt, B. J., Schiifer-Neth, C., and Stattegger, K. (1995) Three-Dimensional Numerical
Modelling of Late Quaternary Paleoceanography and Sedimentation in the Northern
North Atlantic. Geologische Rundschau, 84: 137-150.