164
C. N. Wold· G. J. Schwartz· C. Morrill
There is also a great concentration of saline pans and saline mud fiats (Fig. IB).
This is due to a mean-annual deficit of rainfall relative to the mean-annual rate
of evaporation, and to the fact that the basins are closed or have no surface
drainage (e.g. Fig. 3.1 in Smoot and Lowenstein 1991). The northernmost evaporite basins in Eurasia are found at 55.5°N in Siberia (Fig. 1). The highest saline
lakes in the world (approximately 5560 m above sea level) are found on the
northern side of the Himalayan Plateau (34.5°N, 79.5°E).
In Australia, non-marine saline lakes, saline pans and saline mud fiats are all
generally referred to as salt lakes on the AMS (1934-1965) maps. However, these
may range from perennial saline lakes to saline pans or saline mud fiats. Thus,
we had no justification to subdivide the non-marine evaporites in Australia. The
Australian evaporite basins are shown in Fig. 1.
The mapping of saline lakes in Antarctica is not complete (Burton 1981), and
only small lakes and ponds remain to be compiled. Antarctica was not included
in the International Map of the World (AMS 1934-1965), so we had to search the
literature for information on saline lakes in Antarctica. The surface area and locations of Antarctic saline lakes was taken from the literature. These values were
added up to produce the fractional coverage of four, 1 ° x 1 ° grid cells. This compilation does not include any digitized polygons for saline lakes in Antarctica.
We found descriptions of several saline lakes in Antarctica whose salinity was
high enough to at least precipitate gypsum (greater than 175). Almost all of the
saline lakes in Antarctica have perennial ice-cover (Wharton et al. 1993). The
best-known exception is Don Juan Pond in South Victoria Land. It has the highest known salinity among the saline lakes in Antarctica, and has been observed
to remain ice-free during Antarctic winter temperatures down to -50°C (Chinn
1993). The oldest (greater than 6 ka) saline lakes occur in the dry valleys of South
Victoria Land (Burton 1981). Don Juan Pond, Lake Vanda, and Lake Bonney
from this region, were included in two 1 ° x 1 ° grid cells (centered at 161.5°E,
77.5°S, and at 162.5°E, 77.5°S). These lakes have a salinity at least ten times normal seawater, and Lake Bonney is known to precipitate halite and gypsum (Simmons et al. 1993). Five lakes from the Vestfold Hills, Lakes Dingle, Stinear, Deep,
Club, and Organic (Burton 1981; Matsumoto et al. 1983; Bird et al. 1991), were
included in one grid cell (78SE, 68.5°S). We found three lakes from the Syowa
Coast (Liitzow-Holm Bay) that were saline enough to precipitate gypsum. These
were Lakes Hunazoko, Suribati, and Itiziku (Tominaga 1981; Matsumoto et al.
1983) and were included in one grid cell (39SE, 69.5°S).
Appendix III: Availability of Data
The data presented in this paper, as well as these and additional diagrams are described and available to download through the Internet (World Wide Web) at the
following location:
http://www.odsn.de/climate
C. N. Wold· G. J. Schwartz· C. Morrill
There is also a great concentration of saline pans and saline mud fiats (Fig. IB).
This is due to a mean-annual deficit of rainfall relative to the mean-annual rate
of evaporation, and to the fact that the basins are closed or have no surface
drainage (e.g. Fig. 3.1 in Smoot and Lowenstein 1991). The northernmost evaporite basins in Eurasia are found at 55.5°N in Siberia (Fig. 1). The highest saline
lakes in the world (approximately 5560 m above sea level) are found on the
northern side of the Himalayan Plateau (34.5°N, 79.5°E).
In Australia, non-marine saline lakes, saline pans and saline mud fiats are all
generally referred to as salt lakes on the AMS (1934-1965) maps. However, these
may range from perennial saline lakes to saline pans or saline mud fiats. Thus,
we had no justification to subdivide the non-marine evaporites in Australia. The
Australian evaporite basins are shown in Fig. 1.
The mapping of saline lakes in Antarctica is not complete (Burton 1981), and
only small lakes and ponds remain to be compiled. Antarctica was not included
in the International Map of the World (AMS 1934-1965), so we had to search the
literature for information on saline lakes in Antarctica. The surface area and locations of Antarctic saline lakes was taken from the literature. These values were
added up to produce the fractional coverage of four, 1 ° x 1 ° grid cells. This compilation does not include any digitized polygons for saline lakes in Antarctica.
We found descriptions of several saline lakes in Antarctica whose salinity was
high enough to at least precipitate gypsum (greater than 175). Almost all of the
saline lakes in Antarctica have perennial ice-cover (Wharton et al. 1993). The
best-known exception is Don Juan Pond in South Victoria Land. It has the highest known salinity among the saline lakes in Antarctica, and has been observed
to remain ice-free during Antarctic winter temperatures down to -50°C (Chinn
1993). The oldest (greater than 6 ka) saline lakes occur in the dry valleys of South
Victoria Land (Burton 1981). Don Juan Pond, Lake Vanda, and Lake Bonney
from this region, were included in two 1 ° x 1 ° grid cells (centered at 161.5°E,
77.5°S, and at 162.5°E, 77.5°S). These lakes have a salinity at least ten times normal seawater, and Lake Bonney is known to precipitate halite and gypsum (Simmons et al. 1993). Five lakes from the Vestfold Hills, Lakes Dingle, Stinear, Deep,
Club, and Organic (Burton 1981; Matsumoto et al. 1983; Bird et al. 1991), were
included in one grid cell (78SE, 68.5°S). We found three lakes from the Syowa
Coast (Liitzow-Holm Bay) that were saline enough to precipitate gypsum. These
were Lakes Hunazoko, Suribati, and Itiziku (Tominaga 1981; Matsumoto et al.
1983) and were included in one grid cell (39SE, 69.5°S).
Appendix III: Availability of Data
The data presented in this paper, as well as these and additional diagrams are described and available to download through the Internet (World Wide Web) at the
following location:
http://www.odsn.de/climate