784
197-200,5.5,5.6
transport mechanism 189
deep-sea trenches (s. also accretionary wedges) 5,579-583,
1.2ab,12.18be
examples 590-592, 12.23, 12.24
identification in ancient record
605
relation to sediment supply 581,
12. 19b-j
sediment sources and distribution
580-581, 12.19a
tectonic erosion 581, 12. 19f9,
12.20b
trench fill and accretionary
wedge 583,12.20-12.22
deflation 52,2.21
Delaware basin 264, 347
delta foresets 22-23, 2.4
deltas, lacustrine s. lake sed.
deltas, marine (also s. delta
sediments) 153-165
beachridgebarrier 3.3lc, 3.33a
constructional, destructional
phases 158-153,3.34,3.35
distributory channels 155, 3.32
fluvial-dominated (birdfoot delta)
155-157,3.32.3-35
lobate deltas 155, 3.31, 3.32
morphological features, subenvironments 155-156
shallow- and deep-water deltas
163, 3.36b, 7.20
shifting of delta lobes 163, 3.35b
swamps, marshland 155
tide-dominated 158, 3.33b
types (overview) 153-155, 3.31
wave-dominated 158-162, 3.33a
delta sediments (also s. deltas, marine)
delta front sands 156, 3.32, 3.33b
facies associations 155-163, 3.33,
3.35
growth faults, depobelts 155-158,
3.36,13.8
prodelta sediments 156
response to sea-level changes 155,
3.36
river mouth bars 156, 3.31e, 3.32
sedimentary structures 156, 3.32
vertical sequences 160, 3.34, 3.36
densities of crust, mantle, sediments
387,8.1a
denudation
definition, general aspectc 424
processes, methods 424, 9.5
denudation rates
chemical 424-432
chemical, in morpho-climatic
zones 432, 9.10
chemical, in various rock types
425-427, 9.6
chemical versus mechanical 442,
9.14
geomorphologicalconsequences
432-434, 9.11
very low rates 446
global chemical rate 432
mechanical (s. also solid river
load) 434-447
from basin fills, sediment budget
s. denudation-accumulation syst.
mechanical, generallaws 441-442
mechanical, glaciated areas 439
mechanical, global mean 441
long-term (from landform reconstruction) 443-447,9.15, T9.1
mechanical, major river catchments 9.12
mechanical, mean values 9.14
mechanical, modem rates 435
mechanical, modem vs. long-term
446-447,9.16
mechanical, in various rock
types 440
denudation-accumulation systems
(also
s. sediment budget) 484-514
general concept 484-486, 11.1
depositional environments
"balanced" basins, long-persisting
536
overview 12, 1. 7, 1.8
depositional events, discyclic bedding
(s. also event stratigraphy) 374
deserts 54
detachment zone 545, 12.1bc
dewatering of sediments s. expulsion
of pore water
diagenesis (also s. carbonate d.,
concretions, diffusion, dolomitization, pore cements, pressure
solution, silica d., solute
transport)
authigenic carbonate minerals 685
biogenic carbonates 687
cement minerals 695, 13.27
cementsources 695
chemical-mineralogical 668-681
clay mineral transformation 697,
13.28
definition 647-648
diagenetic regimes, overview
679,681, 13.20
early (shallow-burial) diagenesis
679, 685, 13.20, 13.23
examples of long-distance subsurface solute transport 691-695
marine muds 685, 13.23
mechanical (s. also compaction)
648-653
methanogenesis 685
microbial fermentation 685
nitrate, sulfate reduction 685,
13.23
mineral reactions 679,13.19
late (deep-burial) diagenesis
681,689, 13.20
ooze-chalk-limestone transition
651, 13.3ef
sandstones 688, 693, 13.26
siliceous sediments (s. silica
diagenesis) 198,687, 5.6
specific methods and processes
700
diagenesis of evaporites 274-276,
6.11-6.13
cementation 276, 6.11
collapse breccias 276, 6.11 e
dolomitization 276
exhumation 277
in various depth zones 274
phase changes of salt minerals
274
diagenetic overprint of primary
bedding 297
diffusion, molecular 673-674,
13.17, 13.18
mean diffusion path length 674
influence of sea water, evaporites 674, 13.17, 13.18
discyclic bedding (s. also event
stratigraphy 738, 7.38b
dissolved river load 428-430
groundwater component 425-427,
9.7
in major rivers 428-430, 9.8
specific transport rates 432,
9.5
Dolomites (Alps), Triassic 563
dolomitization (also s. diagenesis)
150-152, 276,3.30b-d
late dolomitization 690-691,
13.25e
Drake passage 145
draped lamination 23, 2.4e
dropstones 22, 25, 2.5
drowning of carbonate buildups
143-146,731-732
dune sequence 58,352, 2.23, 7.34
duricrusts (also s. calcrete,
silcrete, soils) 418, 9.2
early life 286-287
East African rift 549, 12.3ab
lakes 346,498-499
subsidence 405
Ebro foreland basin 615,618,620
12.37
Ebro delta, Spain 325, 520
Ediacaran fauna 287
elastic rigidity, lithosphere 390
eolian dust, loess 61-63
clay dunes 60-61
composition 61
sources, transport 61. 2.21 b
in the ocean 62, 190
eolian sand 52-60
bed forms, sed. structures
55-58, 2.22, 2.23
color, composition 54
distinctive features 60
provenance 54,60
texture, sorting 55-57, 63
transport 52-55, 2.21
eolian sediments 50-63
197-200,5.5,5.6
transport mechanism 189
deep-sea trenches (s. also accretionary wedges) 5,579-583,
1.2ab,12.18be
examples 590-592, 12.23, 12.24
identification in ancient record
605
relation to sediment supply 581,
12. 19b-j
sediment sources and distribution
580-581, 12.19a
tectonic erosion 581, 12. 19f9,
12.20b
trench fill and accretionary
wedge 583,12.20-12.22
deflation 52,2.21
Delaware basin 264, 347
delta foresets 22-23, 2.4
deltas, lacustrine s. lake sed.
deltas, marine (also s. delta
sediments) 153-165
beachridgebarrier 3.3lc, 3.33a
constructional, destructional
phases 158-153,3.34,3.35
distributory channels 155, 3.32
fluvial-dominated (birdfoot delta)
155-157,3.32.3-35
lobate deltas 155, 3.31, 3.32
morphological features, subenvironments 155-156
shallow- and deep-water deltas
163, 3.36b, 7.20
shifting of delta lobes 163, 3.35b
swamps, marshland 155
tide-dominated 158, 3.33b
types (overview) 153-155, 3.31
wave-dominated 158-162, 3.33a
delta sediments (also s. deltas, marine)
delta front sands 156, 3.32, 3.33b
facies associations 155-163, 3.33,
3.35
growth faults, depobelts 155-158,
3.36,13.8
prodelta sediments 156
response to sea-level changes 155,
3.36
river mouth bars 156, 3.31e, 3.32
sedimentary structures 156, 3.32
vertical sequences 160, 3.34, 3.36
densities of crust, mantle, sediments
387,8.1a
denudation
definition, general aspectc 424
processes, methods 424, 9.5
denudation rates
chemical 424-432
chemical, in morpho-climatic
zones 432, 9.10
chemical, in various rock types
425-427, 9.6
chemical versus mechanical 442,
9.14
geomorphologicalconsequences
432-434, 9.11
very low rates 446
global chemical rate 432
mechanical (s. also solid river
load) 434-447
from basin fills, sediment budget
s. denudation-accumulation syst.
mechanical, generallaws 441-442
mechanical, glaciated areas 439
mechanical, global mean 441
long-term (from landform reconstruction) 443-447,9.15, T9.1
mechanical, major river catchments 9.12
mechanical, mean values 9.14
mechanical, modem rates 435
mechanical, modem vs. long-term
446-447,9.16
mechanical, in various rock
types 440
denudation-accumulation systems
(also
s. sediment budget) 484-514
general concept 484-486, 11.1
depositional environments
"balanced" basins, long-persisting
536
overview 12, 1. 7, 1.8
depositional events, discyclic bedding
(s. also event stratigraphy) 374
deserts 54
detachment zone 545, 12.1bc
dewatering of sediments s. expulsion
of pore water
diagenesis (also s. carbonate d.,
concretions, diffusion, dolomitization, pore cements, pressure
solution, silica d., solute
transport)
authigenic carbonate minerals 685
biogenic carbonates 687
cement minerals 695, 13.27
cementsources 695
chemical-mineralogical 668-681
clay mineral transformation 697,
13.28
definition 647-648
diagenetic regimes, overview
679,681, 13.20
early (shallow-burial) diagenesis
679, 685, 13.20, 13.23
examples of long-distance subsurface solute transport 691-695
marine muds 685, 13.23
mechanical (s. also compaction)
648-653
methanogenesis 685
microbial fermentation 685
nitrate, sulfate reduction 685,
13.23
mineral reactions 679,13.19
late (deep-burial) diagenesis
681,689, 13.20
ooze-chalk-limestone transition
651, 13.3ef
sandstones 688, 693, 13.26
siliceous sediments (s. silica
diagenesis) 198,687, 5.6
specific methods and processes
700
diagenesis of evaporites 274-276,
6.11-6.13
cementation 276, 6.11
collapse breccias 276, 6.11 e
dolomitization 276
exhumation 277
in various depth zones 274
phase changes of salt minerals
274
diagenetic overprint of primary
bedding 297
diffusion, molecular 673-674,
13.17, 13.18
mean diffusion path length 674
influence of sea water, evaporites 674, 13.17, 13.18
discyclic bedding (s. also event
stratigraphy 738, 7.38b
dissolved river load 428-430
groundwater component 425-427,
9.7
in major rivers 428-430, 9.8
specific transport rates 432,
9.5
Dolomites (Alps), Triassic 563
dolomitization (also s. diagenesis)
150-152, 276,3.30b-d
late dolomitization 690-691,
13.25e
Drake passage 145
draped lamination 23, 2.4e
dropstones 22, 25, 2.5
drowning of carbonate buildups
143-146,731-732
dune sequence 58,352, 2.23, 7.34
duricrusts (also s. calcrete,
silcrete, soils) 418, 9.2
early life 286-287
East African rift 549, 12.3ab
lakes 346,498-499
subsidence 405
Ebro foreland basin 615,618,620
12.37
Ebro delta, Spain 325, 520
Ediacaran fauna 287
elastic rigidity, lithosphere 390
eolian dust, loess 61-63
clay dunes 60-61
composition 61
sources, transport 61. 2.21 b
in the ocean 62, 190
eolian sand 52-60
bed forms, sed. structures
55-58, 2.22, 2.23
color, composition 54
distinctive features 60
provenance 54,60
texture, sorting 55-57, 63
transport 52-55, 2.21
eolian sediments 50-63