782
base level of erosion 10, 298,
1.6, 7.3a
Basin and Range Province, USA 545
basin filling models (s. also denudation-accumulation systems)
13-14
"balanced" basins 536
ciosed lakes 490-494, 11.6,
11.7
ciosing basins 508-510, 11.16
dynamic models 484,494-514
extensional basins 497-504,
I UO-Il.i5
general concept 484-486
modeling 483-484
open lake systems 487-488,
11.4
over-supplied basins 535,
II.2a
pull-apart basins 507-508
rift basins, growing 501-508,
11.12-11.14
sediment-starved basins 536
steady-state systems 483-484
basin inversion 639-640, 12.46
basin plains, abyssal plains 229,
5.18
basin sediments between submarine
ridges 210, 5. lOb
basin types 3-9, 1.1-1.4
pre-, syn-, postdepositional
basins 10, 1.5
morphological, depositional
environments 10-13, 1.7, 1.8
tectonicallydefined 3-9, 1.11.4, T 1.1
basin type transitions (polyphase
basins) 637
examples 641-642
Bass Strait, rifting 12.2b
beach ridges 99, 3.2e
beach rock 13.23a
beach-shoreface zone 97-99,3.13.3
bed forms, sedimentary
structures 97-99, 3.1, 3.3
offshore sand bars 97, 3.3
sand budget, sand belt 99, 3.3a
vertical sequences 99, 3.3b
bedded nodular limestones 687,
13.2
bedding couplets, bedsets, bundles,
interbeds 972, 7.1
Bengal Fan 227, 233,
sediment budget 528, 11.31
benthic boundary layer, degradation
loss 472, 10.6
basin-filling models (s. also
sediment budget) 497-504,
1.11-11.14,11.20
bioerosion 137
bio-events s. event stratigraphy
biologic response to sedimentological events 296
biosiliceous sediments s. siliceous
sediments
bitumen s. kerogen types
Black Sea 168, 173,446-447, 4.4
Holocene development 173, 4.4
hydrocarbon potential 173, 175
Miocene-Pliocene development
173
organic matter, sapropel 173,
4.4d
sediment budget 489, 11.5
tectonic setting 604
water circulation 168, 4.2a
black shales 194-195, 5.4ag
definition 478
in redox cycies 363-364
in various environments 478,
10.11
related to sea level changes
363,7.42be
black smokers 251
Blake Plateau 208, 563
bluegreen algae, cyanobacteria 287
Boso peninsula, Japan 595
Bosphorus 168
bottom life on the sea floor 472
Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh 40
braided rivers, braidplains (s.
fluvial systems)
Brazil, barrier-lagoon system 524,
11.28
breakup of supercontinents 355
breakup unconformity (also s. continentaI margin) 403, 555
bryomoI facies 136
bulk density 456, 10.1
bundle s. beds
Buntsandstein, Europe 35
bypassing ofsediment 107, 3.8b
calcite compensation depth (also s.
carbonates, deep-sea) 192-193,
5.3b,5.4
"calcite" ocean 355
calcrete, caliche 418, 9.1 a, 9.2
Califomia
continental borderland 208
pull-apart basins 508, 11.19
Canary Basin, slide 224
carbon flux in the oceans (s. also
preservation of organic matter)
468,471, 10.5, 10.6, TlO.2
carbonate buildups, platforms (also
s. carbonate sediments, reefs)
134-141
backreefzone,lagoons 141-143,
3. 25a, 3.26a
drowning 143-146,731-732
economic significance 152
emergence, karstification 147,
3.30c
evolution, vertical growth rates
327,3.29
pelagic carbonate platforms 143
pro- and retrograding 147, 3.28
ramps 138, 3.24
response to sea level changes
143-146
carbonate diagenesis (s. also diagenesis) 147-152,687, 3.30,
13.24
cement sequences 149,3.30a
dolomitization 150-152,690-691,
3.30,13.25
carbonate-evaporite transitions
6.7
carbonate sediments, shallow water
(also s. carbonate buildups)
back-barrier zone 141-143
carbonate-producing organisms
134, 136-137, 3.23
cool-water carbonates 136
depositional environments 134-136
hardgrounds 138, 144
non-skeletal particies 137
oolitic sands 138
reeflimestone types 143,3.26b-d
whitings 127
carbonate turbidites s. turbidites
carbonates, deep-sea (s. also deep-sea
sediments) 192-193, 5.3b, 5.4
biogenic carbonate production 192
calcite compensation depth, CCD
193, 5.3b, 5.4ae
lysociine 193,5.3b
recycling of carbonate 193
Caribbean Sea 170, 172
tectonic evolution 12.40d
Cascadia subduction zone 584-587,
704,12.22,13.32
Caspian Sea 87,260
denudation area 447
mud volcanoes 718
oil and gas 718
sediment budget 494, 11. 7b
tectonic setting 604
catagenesis s. hydrocarbon generation
Cayman trough, Caribbean 626,
630, 632, 12.40d
CCD s. calcite compensation depth
celadonite, celadonitic minerals
250,6.1
cement mineral sequences, cement
sources 695, 13.27
cementation s. pore cements
Chad basin, Africa 88, 446, 11. 7 a
chalk in deep and shallow seas
192
chaotic structures in subduction
zones 588
chemical diagenesis s. diagenesis
closed systems (isochemical
diagenesis) 668, 13.16, 13.20
open systems (allochemical diagenesis) 668, 13.16, 13.20
chemocline 184
chert s. siliceous sediments,
evaporites, concretions
China
river loads 440 Ok
base level of erosion 10, 298,
1.6, 7.3a
Basin and Range Province, USA 545
basin filling models (s. also denudation-accumulation systems)
13-14
"balanced" basins 536
ciosed lakes 490-494, 11.6,
11.7
ciosing basins 508-510, 11.16
dynamic models 484,494-514
extensional basins 497-504,
I UO-Il.i5
general concept 484-486
modeling 483-484
open lake systems 487-488,
11.4
over-supplied basins 535,
II.2a
pull-apart basins 507-508
rift basins, growing 501-508,
11.12-11.14
sediment-starved basins 536
steady-state systems 483-484
basin inversion 639-640, 12.46
basin plains, abyssal plains 229,
5.18
basin sediments between submarine
ridges 210, 5. lOb
basin types 3-9, 1.1-1.4
pre-, syn-, postdepositional
basins 10, 1.5
morphological, depositional
environments 10-13, 1.7, 1.8
tectonicallydefined 3-9, 1.11.4, T 1.1
basin type transitions (polyphase
basins) 637
examples 641-642
Bass Strait, rifting 12.2b
beach ridges 99, 3.2e
beach rock 13.23a
beach-shoreface zone 97-99,3.13.3
bed forms, sedimentary
structures 97-99, 3.1, 3.3
offshore sand bars 97, 3.3
sand budget, sand belt 99, 3.3a
vertical sequences 99, 3.3b
bedded nodular limestones 687,
13.2
bedding couplets, bedsets, bundles,
interbeds 972, 7.1
Bengal Fan 227, 233,
sediment budget 528, 11.31
benthic boundary layer, degradation
loss 472, 10.6
basin-filling models (s. also
sediment budget) 497-504,
1.11-11.14,11.20
bioerosion 137
bio-events s. event stratigraphy
biologic response to sedimentological events 296
biosiliceous sediments s. siliceous
sediments
bitumen s. kerogen types
Black Sea 168, 173,446-447, 4.4
Holocene development 173, 4.4
hydrocarbon potential 173, 175
Miocene-Pliocene development
173
organic matter, sapropel 173,
4.4d
sediment budget 489, 11.5
tectonic setting 604
water circulation 168, 4.2a
black shales 194-195, 5.4ag
definition 478
in redox cycies 363-364
in various environments 478,
10.11
related to sea level changes
363,7.42be
black smokers 251
Blake Plateau 208, 563
bluegreen algae, cyanobacteria 287
Boso peninsula, Japan 595
Bosphorus 168
bottom life on the sea floor 472
Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh 40
braided rivers, braidplains (s.
fluvial systems)
Brazil, barrier-lagoon system 524,
11.28
breakup of supercontinents 355
breakup unconformity (also s. continentaI margin) 403, 555
bryomoI facies 136
bulk density 456, 10.1
bundle s. beds
Buntsandstein, Europe 35
bypassing ofsediment 107, 3.8b
calcite compensation depth (also s.
carbonates, deep-sea) 192-193,
5.3b,5.4
"calcite" ocean 355
calcrete, caliche 418, 9.1 a, 9.2
Califomia
continental borderland 208
pull-apart basins 508, 11.19
Canary Basin, slide 224
carbon flux in the oceans (s. also
preservation of organic matter)
468,471, 10.5, 10.6, TlO.2
carbonate buildups, platforms (also
s. carbonate sediments, reefs)
134-141
backreefzone,lagoons 141-143,
3. 25a, 3.26a
drowning 143-146,731-732
economic significance 152
emergence, karstification 147,
3.30c
evolution, vertical growth rates
327,3.29
pelagic carbonate platforms 143
pro- and retrograding 147, 3.28
ramps 138, 3.24
response to sea level changes
143-146
carbonate diagenesis (s. also diagenesis) 147-152,687, 3.30,
13.24
cement sequences 149,3.30a
dolomitization 150-152,690-691,
3.30,13.25
carbonate-evaporite transitions
6.7
carbonate sediments, shallow water
(also s. carbonate buildups)
back-barrier zone 141-143
carbonate-producing organisms
134, 136-137, 3.23
cool-water carbonates 136
depositional environments 134-136
hardgrounds 138, 144
non-skeletal particies 137
oolitic sands 138
reeflimestone types 143,3.26b-d
whitings 127
carbonate turbidites s. turbidites
carbonates, deep-sea (s. also deep-sea
sediments) 192-193, 5.3b, 5.4
biogenic carbonate production 192
calcite compensation depth, CCD
193, 5.3b, 5.4ae
lysociine 193,5.3b
recycling of carbonate 193
Caribbean Sea 170, 172
tectonic evolution 12.40d
Cascadia subduction zone 584-587,
704,12.22,13.32
Caspian Sea 87,260
denudation area 447
mud volcanoes 718
oil and gas 718
sediment budget 494, 11. 7b
tectonic setting 604
catagenesis s. hydrocarbon generation
Cayman trough, Caribbean 626,
630, 632, 12.40d
CCD s. calcite compensation depth
celadonite, celadonitic minerals
250,6.1
cement mineral sequences, cement
sources 695, 13.27
cementation s. pore cements
Chad basin, Africa 88, 446, 11. 7 a
chalk in deep and shallow seas
192
chaotic structures in subduction
zones 588
chemical diagenesis s. diagenesis
closed systems (isochemical
diagenesis) 668, 13.16, 13.20
open systems (allochemical diagenesis) 668, 13.16, 13.20
chemocline 184
chert s. siliceous sediments,
evaporites, concretions
China
river loads 440 Ok