616
Chapter 12 Basin Evolution and Sediments
"
:
a
........
8ASIN
OVERUNDER·
I TIME
' , UNDERFILLED FILLED
FILLED:
GEOHISTORY ANALYSIS
........
.
\
TC FOR ONE CYCLE FROM
ACTIVE
'<.~U8SID' I
ENCE
IISOSTA I
THRUSTING
",I
RELAXATION
: , UPL\FT
THRUSTING TO REBOUND
"
(PROXIMAL SITE, N. ALPINE
... FIRST TR-CYCLE ......... I,~ .~ -- SECOND TR-CYCLE --FORELAND 8., GERMANY)
I ..... __
1
,.- .....
SED. SUPPLY
I
- - - _ _ _ _ _ ,_ -
• INTERMITTENT SED .
AND SED. RATE
:
STORAGE IN OROGEN
•• REMOBILIZED SED.
e
SUBHIMALAYAN
FOREDEEP
Mit
:
C PRE-DEPOSITIONAL
INCISED VALLEYS
d
OROGENie
WEDGE
PIGGY8ACK
ERNARY
PLIOCENE-QUAT . ALLUVIAL FANS
PLlO-QUATERN. OF
KATHMANDU BASIN
(INTRA-HIMALAYAN),
AND FLUVIAL CONGLOM. AND SANDS
MIO·PLlOCENE FLUVIAL
SANDS AND PELITES
(+ CARBONATES,
PALEOSOLS)
50 km
HIMALAYAN NAPPES
_ N
,..
4 km
o
(PRECAMBRIAN AND PALEOZ, ROCKS
MIOCENE NONMARINE
SANDS AND SHALE
~ MBT
4 km
o
L1GO-MIOCENE CONTIN ENTAL
VOLCANICS OF FINE SANOST. AND RED BEDS.
INDIAN SHIELD
PALEO-EOCENE SHALLOWMARINE SHALES AND L1MEST.
Fig. 12.36. a Geohistory analysis for proximal site of
north Alpine foreland basin, Germany. One eycle of
thrusting and rebound causes two transgession-regression (TR) eycles due to intermittent sediment
storage within the Alps. (After Zweigel 1998, simplified). b,c Ineised valleys in forebulge eaused by the
approaehing sub-Alpine chains, southeastem Franee.
Nummulitie early foredeep sediments onlap onto
subsiding foreland plate. (After Gupta 1997), simplified. d Model of foreland basin with deposition partially on top of fold-thrust belt and minor basin earried piggyback on thrustsheets. Note growth faults at
front of thrust belt. (After Ori and Friend 1984; Rieci
Luechi 1986). e Evolution of Himalayan foreland
basin in two stages (J and 2) with sediment wedge of
the Siwaliks. MET main boundary thrust; ST Siwaliks
thrust. (After Mascle et al. 1986). See text for explanation
Chapter 12 Basin Evolution and Sediments
"
:
a
........
8ASIN
OVERUNDER·
I TIME
' , UNDERFILLED FILLED
FILLED:
GEOHISTORY ANALYSIS
........
.
\
TC FOR ONE CYCLE FROM
ACTIVE
'<.~U8SID' I
ENCE
IISOSTA I
THRUSTING
",I
RELAXATION
: , UPL\FT
THRUSTING TO REBOUND
"
(PROXIMAL SITE, N. ALPINE
... FIRST TR-CYCLE ......... I,~ .~ -- SECOND TR-CYCLE --FORELAND 8., GERMANY)
I ..... __
1
,.- .....
SED. SUPPLY
I
- - - _ _ _ _ _ ,_ -
• INTERMITTENT SED .
AND SED. RATE
:
STORAGE IN OROGEN
•• REMOBILIZED SED.
e
SUBHIMALAYAN
FOREDEEP
Mit
:
C PRE-DEPOSITIONAL
INCISED VALLEYS
d
OROGENie
WEDGE
PIGGY8ACK
ERNARY
PLIOCENE-QUAT . ALLUVIAL FANS
PLlO-QUATERN. OF
KATHMANDU BASIN
(INTRA-HIMALAYAN),
AND FLUVIAL CONGLOM. AND SANDS
MIO·PLlOCENE FLUVIAL
SANDS AND PELITES
(+ CARBONATES,
PALEOSOLS)
50 km
HIMALAYAN NAPPES
_ N
,..
4 km
o
(PRECAMBRIAN AND PALEOZ, ROCKS
MIOCENE NONMARINE
SANDS AND SHALE
~ MBT
4 km
o
L1GO-MIOCENE CONTIN ENTAL
VOLCANICS OF FINE SANOST. AND RED BEDS.
INDIAN SHIELD
PALEO-EOCENE SHALLOWMARINE SHALES AND L1MEST.
Fig. 12.36. a Geohistory analysis for proximal site of
north Alpine foreland basin, Germany. One eycle of
thrusting and rebound causes two transgession-regression (TR) eycles due to intermittent sediment
storage within the Alps. (After Zweigel 1998, simplified). b,c Ineised valleys in forebulge eaused by the
approaehing sub-Alpine chains, southeastem Franee.
Nummulitie early foredeep sediments onlap onto
subsiding foreland plate. (After Gupta 1997), simplified. d Model of foreland basin with deposition partially on top of fold-thrust belt and minor basin earried piggyback on thrustsheets. Note growth faults at
front of thrust belt. (After Ori and Friend 1984; Rieci
Luechi 1986). e Evolution of Himalayan foreland
basin in two stages (J and 2) with sediment wedge of
the Siwaliks. MET main boundary thrust; ST Siwaliks
thrust. (After Mascle et al. 1986). See text for explanation