9.5 Long-Term Denudation Rates
445
Table 9.1 Long-tenn mean denudation rates (chemical and mechanical) determined by different methods
Relief
Region
Specific
Time period and denudation rate
Method 8
Reference
characteristics
(mmlka)
Holoc. Quat.
Longer
High
High
Mainly cryst.
1000 (20 Ma)
LE+DA
Einseie et al. (1996)
mounHimalaya
rocks
tains
Entire
Cryst. and
350 (20 Ma)
LE+DA
Einseie et al. (1996)
Himalayas
sed. rocks
Alps
Cryst. rocks,
150-350
DA
Einseie and Hinderer
(from lake sed.)
(1997)
WAlps
Rhone sub400
DA
Menard et al. (1965)
marine fan
Swiss Alps
Lake Zürich sed.
1000
Schindler (1974)
Cryst. massifs
100-500 (30-50 ~Ia)
FT
Schmid et al. (1996)
E Alps
Tauern Window
200-500 (30-50 Ma)
FT
Frisch et al. (1998)
EPyrenees
200
130-170
LE
Calvetand Lamartinel (1993)
Cent. Pyrenees
35-60 (40-10 Ma)
FT
Morris et al. (1998)
S Chile
Andes
660
DA
Kopf (1995)
MounAppalachians
Paleoz. sed.
40-50 (175 Ma)
DA
Pazzaglia and Brandon
tains
(1996)
N California
200 (5 Ma)
LE
Kelsey (1980)
S California
Coastal range
120
(l Ma)
DA
Moore (1969)
W. Mexico
Coastal ranges
50(4 Ma)
DA
Einseie and Niemitz (1982)
UpNewEngland
Connecticut r.
10
DA
Gordon (1979)
lands
and
N Africa
Chad basin
2-6 (min. values)
DA
Gac (1980)
lowlands
England
East Midlands
35 (Cenoz.)
FT
Brown (1991)
Greenland
Passive margin plume
100 (Cenoz.)
FT
Clift et al. (1998)
Shetland Isl.
Passive margin plume
40 (Cenoz.)
FT
SW Africa
Paleoz., volc.
10-20 (Mesoz.)
LE
Gilchrist et al. (1994)
SW Africa
and ign. rocks
25-30 (Mesoz.)
FT
Brown (1991)
SW Africa
Rifted margin, synrift phase
6-20 (158-118 Ma)
FT
Gallagher et al. (1998)
SW Africa
Rifted margin, postrift phase
20-30 (118-0 Ma)
FT
SE Australia
Rifted margin
1-10 (65 Ma)
FT
van der Beek and Braun
(1998)
S India
Rifted margin
15-20 (Mesoz.)
LE
Gunnell (1998)
40-60
LE
Europe
Black Sea basin
70
DA
Degens et al. (1978)
Mississippi
Miss. fan
46
30 (2.4 Ma)
DA
Wetzel (1992)
drainage
SWGermany
Cuesta landscape
33 (18 Ma)
LE
Einseie (1992)
GlaciN America
Glacial erosion
40-70 (3 Ma)
DA
Bell and Laine (1985)
ated
areas
Swalbard
Barents Sea
100
200-400 (2.5 Ma)
DA
Elverhoi et al. (1995)
Newfoundl.
130 (175 ka)
DA
Hiscott and Aksu (1996)
Antarctica
(Scott glacier)
100 (Cenoz.)
FT
Fitzgerald and Stump (1997)
8 LE, landscape reconstruction; DA, denudation-sediment-accumulation systems; FT, fission track method
445
Table 9.1 Long-tenn mean denudation rates (chemical and mechanical) determined by different methods
Relief
Region
Specific
Time period and denudation rate
Method 8
Reference
characteristics
(mmlka)
Holoc. Quat.
Longer
High
High
Mainly cryst.
1000 (20 Ma)
LE+DA
Einseie et al. (1996)
mounHimalaya
rocks
tains
Entire
Cryst. and
350 (20 Ma)
LE+DA
Einseie et al. (1996)
Himalayas
sed. rocks
Alps
Cryst. rocks,
150-350
DA
Einseie and Hinderer
(from lake sed.)
(1997)
WAlps
Rhone sub400
DA
Menard et al. (1965)
marine fan
Swiss Alps
Lake Zürich sed.
1000
Schindler (1974)
Cryst. massifs
100-500 (30-50 ~Ia)
FT
Schmid et al. (1996)
E Alps
Tauern Window
200-500 (30-50 Ma)
FT
Frisch et al. (1998)
EPyrenees
200
130-170
LE
Calvetand Lamartinel (1993)
Cent. Pyrenees
35-60 (40-10 Ma)
FT
Morris et al. (1998)
S Chile
Andes
660
DA
Kopf (1995)
MounAppalachians
Paleoz. sed.
40-50 (175 Ma)
DA
Pazzaglia and Brandon
tains
(1996)
N California
200 (5 Ma)
LE
Kelsey (1980)
S California
Coastal range
120
(l Ma)
DA
Moore (1969)
W. Mexico
Coastal ranges
50(4 Ma)
DA
Einseie and Niemitz (1982)
UpNewEngland
Connecticut r.
10
DA
Gordon (1979)
lands
and
N Africa
Chad basin
2-6 (min. values)
DA
Gac (1980)
lowlands
England
East Midlands
35 (Cenoz.)
FT
Brown (1991)
Greenland
Passive margin plume
100 (Cenoz.)
FT
Clift et al. (1998)
Shetland Isl.
Passive margin plume
40 (Cenoz.)
FT
SW Africa
Paleoz., volc.
10-20 (Mesoz.)
LE
Gilchrist et al. (1994)
SW Africa
and ign. rocks
25-30 (Mesoz.)
FT
Brown (1991)
SW Africa
Rifted margin, synrift phase
6-20 (158-118 Ma)
FT
Gallagher et al. (1998)
SW Africa
Rifted margin, postrift phase
20-30 (118-0 Ma)
FT
SE Australia
Rifted margin
1-10 (65 Ma)
FT
van der Beek and Braun
(1998)
S India
Rifted margin
15-20 (Mesoz.)
LE
Gunnell (1998)
40-60
LE
Europe
Black Sea basin
70
DA
Degens et al. (1978)
Mississippi
Miss. fan
46
30 (2.4 Ma)
DA
Wetzel (1992)
drainage
SWGermany
Cuesta landscape
33 (18 Ma)
LE
Einseie (1992)
GlaciN America
Glacial erosion
40-70 (3 Ma)
DA
Bell and Laine (1985)
ated
areas
Swalbard
Barents Sea
100
200-400 (2.5 Ma)
DA
Elverhoi et al. (1995)
Newfoundl.
130 (175 ka)
DA
Hiscott and Aksu (1996)
Antarctica
(Scott glacier)
100 (Cenoz.)
FT
Fitzgerald and Stump (1997)
8 LE, landscape reconstruction; DA, denudation-sediment-accumulation systems; FT, fission track method