9.1 Weathering, Soils, Terrigenous Sediments
GYPCRETE
P«E ~
2~J~'· ... ~
EASILY
V '·
SOLUBLE " . .'.
' .
Ca SO • J '. ' . : .. .': .
. . ? ' . '
. " C' .
WATER " .' . ' . .
TABLE .:1: ___ - - -
P
FROM.
DUST "
~ o~; . . .
; . . .
J .... :. . , . . . ~ .. . "'- .. .... .
\~/:..r ·
m ri1qj;~
...l ~~6) : \ ..
• :
I
• •
VERTISOL
HIGH CLAY CONTENT.
WET, DRY CYCLES
DESSICATION
CRACKSr-~~~~
SWELLING i
,~
CLA YS 1-"' : ':' ::" "-~:;':::PSEUDO, r::- .~~ANTICLINES, / • ',,J.
SliCKEN'I' c». <»
SIDES
i .' "
CLACITE/DOLOMITE
NODULES
CALCRETES
TIME (VERY LOW SRI
LAMINAE PISOIDS
MASSIVE CALCRETE
(HARDPAN)
BRECCIATED
FERRALSOL.
OXISOL
LATERITE
RAPID
DECAY
P»E
NUTRIENT
__ ~~m5:;;:~~ClING
.
.
SOlL ± GRAVEL
OF LATERITE
l--I'R'>NIA-LATERITE
I
± KAOLINITE
I ~!;':;:' ': __ . ~EWORKED
> 3· 5 :. MOTTLED . .. . . .... .
m
... . . . . .
417
PODSOL
GLEYSOL
HISTOSOL
ORGANIC LA YER
- ~, 'I'
REDUCED;- . 'I'
GREY !.1-i-' ' .
BROWN I y I· ... ,. . SIDERITE
STAINING . -J-. ••. CONCRETIONS
/ ---------.--/
------ - - - -- - - - -
WATER,LOGGED CONDITIONS
GROUNDWATER CALCRETE
AND DOLOCRETE
PEDOGENIC
CALCRETE
"'- J SOlL MOISTURE ~ gC"!--r.
I
li~~;!-;~
____ .~Q.f"!.E-,.
I
GRAVITATIONAL
'.:. ~ :; > .:-,:.::
>3 m '5 < WATER
" .. '
..
./,
':; --y. ~~:,,~ ;,
m
I
CAPILLARY ZONE
.-. , - 1- • • •
I -_f:1.--~T __ ·1-_ö.!, ·t.! i~i';'
...
," :,..:.' . ,, ...z:
0 · ... · ,; . . . . /1
•
GROUNDWATER TABLE
(FLUCTUA TING) .
SILCRETES
PEDOGENIC
GROUNDWATER
CALCRETE
CLiMATE CHANGE
CALCRETE
MORE ARID
I:"":"'T=,-;t (WET-DRY)
_t. '.' ..... ' . ~ . _
SILCRETE .
~t. '
~~,.
i- DISSOL .. '
' + OF Si0 1 :.
1 SÄPROLITE ': GROUNDWATER
I -:,:-.:..:...::... __ ~LATE~IT.E .. ·:·
I : Fe" ~ .. ~-:,;..:--.:.:. GROUNDWATER
.:. SILCRETE
~ .;1:\~~~ .·;
LATERITE
I : : ' : · : ' : ' ; ·
: '-\,' . :.:
HUMID
LATERITE.
BAUXITE,
FERRICRETE
~" ' : 'S\.
::-:-+. ""'ik
,~,
" -.l7
.IQo,~.
.-.,/, '
.~ . .
-" ,~--,• MAINL Y OPAL
SAPROLITE
(SEASONAL P)
~,';.!': .. ;:~~;~.: .. . ~ . ~ -;.:.~ .:-.;;
PA RE NT ." .~. ';, . •.
MATERIAL " Fe • FIXED DURING
, LOW WATER LEVEL
, AND CHALCEDONY
Fig. 9.2. Various types of soil and duricrust, dependent on climate (annual precipitation P and evaporation E), substrate and other factors . Note different
ments. If the land surface experiences neither deposition nor erosion, the soils thicken to some extent with
time and mature, i.e. they adjust to their environmental conditions and form specific soil profiles which
vertical scales for pedogenic and groundwater features, (Based mainly on Wright 1996, simplified). See
text for further explanation
are partially or entirely depleted of soluble and unstable minerals but enriched in stable neo-minerals. AItered rock below the zone of roots and other biological activities is referred to as saprolite.
GYPCRETE
P«E ~
2~J~'· ... ~
EASILY
V '·
SOLUBLE " . .'.
' .
Ca SO • J '. ' . : .. .': .
. . ? ' . '
. " C' .
WATER " .' . ' . .
TABLE .:1: ___ - - -
P
FROM.
DUST "
~ o~; . . .
; . . .
J .... :. . , . . . ~ .. . "'- .. .... .
\~/:..r ·
m ri1qj;~
...l ~~6) : \ ..
• :
I
• •
VERTISOL
HIGH CLAY CONTENT.
WET, DRY CYCLES
DESSICATION
CRACKSr-~~~~
SWELLING i
,~
CLA YS 1-"' : ':' ::" "-~:;':::PSEUDO, r::- .~~ANTICLINES, / • ',,J.
SliCKEN'I' c». <»
SIDES
i .' "
CLACITE/DOLOMITE
NODULES
CALCRETES
TIME (VERY LOW SRI
LAMINAE PISOIDS
MASSIVE CALCRETE
(HARDPAN)
BRECCIATED
FERRALSOL.
OXISOL
LATERITE
RAPID
DECAY
P»E
NUTRIENT
__ ~~m5:;;:~~ClING
.
.
SOlL ± GRAVEL
OF LATERITE
l--I'R'>NIA-LATERITE
I
± KAOLINITE
I ~!;':;:' ': __ . ~EWORKED
> 3· 5 :. MOTTLED . .. . . .... .
m
... . . . . .
417
PODSOL
GLEYSOL
HISTOSOL
ORGANIC LA YER
- ~, 'I'
REDUCED;- . 'I'
GREY !.1-i-' ' .
BROWN I y I· ... ,. . SIDERITE
STAINING . -J-. ••. CONCRETIONS
/ ---------.--/
------ - - - -- - - - -
WATER,LOGGED CONDITIONS
GROUNDWATER CALCRETE
AND DOLOCRETE
PEDOGENIC
CALCRETE
"'- J SOlL MOISTURE ~ gC"!--r.
I
li~~;!-;~
____ .~Q.f"!.E-,.
I
GRAVITATIONAL
'.:. ~ :; > .:-,:.::
>3 m '5 < WATER
" .. '
..
./,
':; --y. ~~:,,~ ;,
m
I
CAPILLARY ZONE
.-. , - 1- • • •
I -_f:1.--~T __ ·1-_ö.!, ·t.! i~i';'
...
," :,..:.' . ,, ...z:
0 · ... · ,; . . . . /1
•
GROUNDWATER TABLE
(FLUCTUA TING) .
SILCRETES
PEDOGENIC
GROUNDWATER
CALCRETE
CLiMATE CHANGE
CALCRETE
MORE ARID
I:"":"'T=,-;t (WET-DRY)
_t. '.' ..... ' . ~ . _
SILCRETE .
~t. '
~~,.
i- DISSOL .. '
' + OF Si0 1 :.
1 SÄPROLITE ': GROUNDWATER
I -:,:-.:..:...::... __ ~LATE~IT.E .. ·:·
I : Fe" ~ .. ~-:,;..:--.:.:. GROUNDWATER
.:. SILCRETE
~ .;1:\~~~ .·;
LATERITE
I : : ' : · : ' : ' ; ·
: '-\,' . :.:
HUMID
LATERITE.
BAUXITE,
FERRICRETE
~" ' : 'S\.
::-:-+. ""'ik
,~,
" -.l7
.IQo,~.
.-.,/, '
.~ . .
-" ,~--,• MAINL Y OPAL
SAPROLITE
(SEASONAL P)
~,';.!': .. ;:~~;~.: .. . ~ . ~ -;.:.~ .:-.;;
PA RE NT ." .~. ';, . •.
MATERIAL " Fe • FIXED DURING
, LOW WATER LEVEL
, AND CHALCEDONY
Fig. 9.2. Various types of soil and duricrust, dependent on climate (annual precipitation P and evaporation E), substrate and other factors . Note different
ments. If the land surface experiences neither deposition nor erosion, the soils thicken to some extent with
time and mature, i.e. they adjust to their environmental conditions and form specific soil profiles which
vertical scales for pedogenic and groundwater features, (Based mainly on Wright 1996, simplified). See
text for further explanation
are partially or entirely depleted of soluble and unstable minerals but enriched in stable neo-minerals. AItered rock below the zone of roots and other biological activities is referred to as saprolite.