26
a
PROXIMAL
OUTWASH
Chapter 2 Continental Sediments
DEBRIS FLOWS,
SUDES
MARINE SEDIMENTS,
GLACITECTONIZED
b
ICE MARG1N
c::::> t>O 0
c::J C
D
PROXIMAL
>
DISTAL
BOULDER
d
BIOTURBATION
a []
. ' . . "
DIAMICT ,
MASSIVE,
MATRIX ·
SUPPORTED
j...:...;....:......:---'-...:........;:-.:..:.:~ CLUSTERS
OF DROP·
STONES
e
EFFECTS OF CURRENTS AND WAVES
LAG
SEDIMENT
LARGE
WAVE
RIPPLES
CHANNEL
FILL
f
Fig. 2.5. Glaciomarine ice-contact environment (a)
and the resulting sediment types (b-g). The advancing ice-margin can disturb the underlying, relatively
soft marine sediments and release most of its debris
load via tunnels as submarine outwash fans. Suspended material is widely distributed and deposited
as mud. Supraglacial debris drops along the ice-margin or is carried by icebergs into the sea. Proximal
DIAMICT,
STRATIFIED,
MATRIX ·
SUPPORTED
STORM
GRAVEL·
9
SAND BEDS
(TEMPESTITES)
~~I~J- GLENDONITE
FINE GRAINED
MUD WITH
DROPSTONES,
LAMINATED
GRAVITY MASS
MOVEMENTS
TURBIDITES
MUD FLOW
DEBRIS
FLOW
massive submarine diamicts (b) grade seaward into
stratified diamicts (c) and rhythmic laminated muds
with dropstones (d). Reworking and redeposition of
these facies types leads to lag deposits and large rippies in coarse-grained sands (e), proximal tempestites
(f), or different types of gravity mass movements (g).
(Based on different sourees, including Eyles and
Miall1984)