7 Sequences, Minor Cycles, and Event Stratigraphy
7.1 General Characteristics of Cyclic Sediments
292
7.4.3 Other Deep-Sea Sediments
7.1.1 Individual Beds, Rhythmic Bedding, and
7.4.4 Summary (Deltas, Deep-Sea Fans, etc.)
Sedimentary Cycles
7.5 Sequence Stratigraphy ofMarine Carbonate
7.1.2 Autogenetic and Allogenetic Processes
Systems
328
7.1.3 Scales ofRhythmic and Cyclic Phenomena
7.5.1 General Aspects
7.1.4 Periodic, Quasi-Periodic, and
7.5.2 Third-Order Sequences ofRimmed
Discyclic Sequences
Carbonate Platforms
7.1.5 Symmetry and Asymmetry of Sedimentary
7.5.3 Third-Order Sequences of Carbonate Ramps
Cycles
7.5.4 Drowning and Discontinuities of
7.1.6 Cycle Hierarchy
Carbonate Buildups
7.1.7 Biological Response to Sedimentological
Drowning Unconformities
Events and Cycles
Discontinuities in Carbonate Buildups
7.1.8 Diagenetic Overprint
7.5.5 Carbonate Slopes and Mixed Carbonate7.1.9 Summary (General Characteristics of
Siliciclastic Systems
Cyclic Sediments)
7.5.6 Carbonate-Evaporite Systems
7.2 Sequence Stratigraphy: Basic Concepts
297
7.5.7 Summary (Carbonate Systems, Evaporites)
7.2.1 Introduction
7.6 Sequence Stratigraphy ofTransitional Systems
337
7.2.2 Specific Definitions and Terms
7.6.1 Incised Valleys on Continental Shelves
7.2.3 One-Dimensional Models (l-D)
andon Land
The Accommodation-Space Concept
7.6.2 Coal in IncisedValleys and Flooded
Sediment Buildup vs. Time:
Coastal Plains
Three Principal Variables
Coal in Incised Valleys
Sediment Buildup vs. Time: Variation in
Flooding of Coastal Plains
Sea Level and Sediment Supply
7.6.3 Coastal Lagoons and Lowland Lakes/Playas
Asymmetrie Sea- or Base-Level Change
7.6.4 Economic Aspects ofIncised Valleys and
Superposition of 4th and 3rd Order SeaFlooded Coastal Plains
Level Changes (Parasequences)
7.6.5 Summary (Incised Valleys, Coastal Plains,
7.2.4 Sediment Buildup-Time Models (2-D),
Coal)
Differential Subsidence
7.7 Continental Sequence Stratigraphy
345
7.2.5 Summary (Sequence Stratigraphy, General
7.7.1 Lacustrine Sequences and Cycles
Concepts)
General Aspects
7.3 Sequence Stratigraphy of Coastal and ShallowExamples of Lake level Fluctuations (Late
Marine Siliciclastic Systems
313
Pleistocene and Holocene)
7.3.1 Coastline Migration
Climate-Controlled Lacustrine
7.3.2 Ramp Margins and Epicontinental Seas
Sedimentary Cycles
Effects of Variable Sediment Influx and
7.7.2 Sequences in Fluvial Systems
Subsidence
Subsidence and Autocyclic Processes
Ramp Margin, High Sand Supply
Allogenetic Controls
Non-Uniform SL-Changes, Low Sediment
7.7.3 Eolian Sequences
Supply
7.7.4 Summary (Sequences ofLakes, Fluvial
7.3.3 Shelf-Break-Slope Margins, Moderate
and Eolian Systems)
Sediment Supply
7.8 Hierarchy of Sedimentary Cycles,
7.3.4 Summary (Coastal and Shallow-Marine
Their Superposition and Causes
354
Siliciclastic Systems)
7.8.1 General Aspects
7.4 Marine Deltas, Deep-Sea Fans, and
7.8.2 Continental Encroachment (Flooding)
Oceanic Sediments
325
Cycles (Plate Tectonic Megacycles)
7.4.1 Response ofDeltas to Sea-Level Changes
The Last Two Megacycles: Overview
7.4.2 Deep-Sea Fans
The Greenhouse State of the Earth