174
b
0
10 °C
MASS FLOWS AND
0
~-'
TURBIDITES
T= 9°
16-22%0
a
2
L. MIOCENE
LOW SEA LEVEL
d
-1- -- T Ili1!~~~f~~~ OOZE
(15 TO 55% CaC03 )
:
0.5 m
MUD FLOW , lOCALlY
: 1
SAPROPEL
HOLOCENE
(BRACKISH)
,
I
I
-'f - -- -
I
PlEISTOCENE
~
~~t BANDED SIlT -ClAY.
(FRESH .WATER LAKE,
TERRESTRIAL
ORGANtC CARBON)
-r
I
I
I
C
B
200
400
: 600
Y
PliOCENE (?) l
C : CONNECTED WITH
MEDITERRANEAN
VIA BOSPORUS
B : LAKE
A : AS C
}600
I m
SHALLOW
I
-DRY' PHASE i ~
I
I
MIOCENE (?) A
.L
e
'"
I I I
Chapter 4 Adjacent Seas
C
0
0 1
,
\
\
\
HzS, NH3 • P
I'"
\
\
,
2
,
km __ L~
LATE PLEISTOCENE :
TERRESTR. + BIOGENIC MUDS,
REFLECTING VARIATIONS
IN OXYGENATION. SALINITY
AND BIOTA (E. G., DIATOMS)
TURBIDITES
SIDERITE
EARlY I'lEISTOCENE :
CALCAREOUS MUDS
(SEEKREIDE). !: LAMINATED
RHYTHMIC ALTERNATIONS
DUE TO VARIATIONS IN
CARBONATE CONTENT.
BIOTURBATION. PYRITE
CARBONATE BRECCIA
~~i- LAMINATED CARBONATES
~
(SHALLOW WATER)
BLACK SHAlE
Fig. 4.4. Model of a "humid", Black Sea-type basin
with surface outflow of low salinity and more saline
subsurface inflow. a Basin configuration and
chemocline. b,c Relationship between salinity S, temperature T, and chemical parameters with depth below water surface. d PleistocenelHoloccne sediments
of the basin center. e Neogene sediments drilled at
DSDP Site 380 in the Black Sea (simplified sequence; age determinations are uncertain). (Based on
Degens and Ross 1974; Hsü 1978; Degens and
Stoffers 1980; Calvert and Fontugne 1987)
b
0
10 °C
MASS FLOWS AND
0
~-'
TURBIDITES
T= 9°
16-22%0
a
2
L. MIOCENE
LOW SEA LEVEL
d
-1- -- T Ili1!~~~f~~~ OOZE
(15 TO 55% CaC03 )
:
0.5 m
MUD FLOW , lOCALlY
: 1
SAPROPEL
HOLOCENE
(BRACKISH)
,
I
I
-'f - -- -
I
PlEISTOCENE
~
~~t BANDED SIlT -ClAY.
(FRESH .WATER LAKE,
TERRESTRIAL
ORGANtC CARBON)
-r
I
I
I
C
B
200
400
: 600
Y
PliOCENE (?) l
C : CONNECTED WITH
MEDITERRANEAN
VIA BOSPORUS
B : LAKE
A : AS C
}600
I m
SHALLOW
I
-DRY' PHASE i ~
I
I
MIOCENE (?) A
.L
e
'"
I I I
Chapter 4 Adjacent Seas
C
0
0 1
,
\
\
\
HzS, NH3 • P
I'"
\
\
,
2
,
km __ L~
LATE PLEISTOCENE :
TERRESTR. + BIOGENIC MUDS,
REFLECTING VARIATIONS
IN OXYGENATION. SALINITY
AND BIOTA (E. G., DIATOMS)
TURBIDITES
SIDERITE
EARlY I'lEISTOCENE :
CALCAREOUS MUDS
(SEEKREIDE). !: LAMINATED
RHYTHMIC ALTERNATIONS
DUE TO VARIATIONS IN
CARBONATE CONTENT.
BIOTURBATION. PYRITE
CARBONATE BRECCIA
~~i- LAMINATED CARBONATES
~
(SHALLOW WATER)
BLACK SHAlE
Fig. 4.4. Model of a "humid", Black Sea-type basin
with surface outflow of low salinity and more saline
subsurface inflow. a Basin configuration and
chemocline. b,c Relationship between salinity S, temperature T, and chemical parameters with depth below water surface. d PleistocenelHoloccne sediments
of the basin center. e Neogene sediments drilled at
DSDP Site 380 in the Black Sea (simplified sequence; age determinations are uncertain). (Based on
Degens and Ross 1974; Hsü 1978; Degens and
Stoffers 1980; Calvert and Fontugne 1987)