102
T.Hapner
portant that serious and exemplary environmental impact analyses are finished and
published within the next few years to serve as models and standards. Otherwise, the
number and density of plants will generate not only individual adverse effects, but also
cumulative and even synergistic ones - to the disadvantage oflarge sea areas and semienclosed seas.
Acknowledgments. The author thanks Prof. Dr. J. Windelberg (Oldenburg) for elaborating Section 9.2 "The Legal Context", Mr. K. Wangnick (Gnarrenburg) for valuable general and statistical information and Mrs. D. Kremser for the figures. He regrets that
conditions of confidence prevent from the use of (unpublished) data and information
on distinct desalination plants.
References
AI-Azzaz A, Abrams J, Zaczek S, Awerbuch L (1989) Jeddah stack emissions problems and solutions.
Proceedings of the fourth world congress in desalination and water reuse, Kuwait. Vol. 1:459-470
AI-Gobaisi DMK (1994) A quarter-century of seawater desalination by large multistage flash plants in
Abu Dhabi. Desalination 99:483-508
Al-Gobaisi DMK (1995) The desalination manifesto. Proceedings of the IDA World Congress on
Desalination and Water Sciences, Abu Dhabi. Vol. 1,3-27
AI-Sofi MAK (1993) Water scarcity - the challenge of the future. Proceedings of the IDA and WRPC
World Conference on Desalination and Water Treatment. Yokohama. Vol. 11:591-599
Awerbuch L (1994) Perspective and challenges for desalination. Desalination 99:191-194
Basson PW, Burchard JE, Hardy JT, Price ARG (1981) Biotopes of the western Arabian Gulf, 2nd edn.
Aramco Dept. of Loss Prevention and Environmental Affairs, Dhahran
Buros OK (1990) The Desalting ABC. IDA (International Desalting Association), P. O. Box 387, Topsfield,
Mass. 01983, USA
Clark JR (1996) Coastal zone management handbook. CRC Lewis Publ. Boca Raton, 694 pp
del Bene JY, Jirka G, Largier J (1994) Ocean brine disposal. Desalination 97:365-372
EC (European Communities) (1985) Directive on the assessment of certain public and private projects
on the environment. Official Journal of the European Communities L175/40 (July 27, 1985)
El Din AMS, Aziz S, Makkawi B (1994) Electricity and water production in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
and its impact on the environment. Desalination 97:373-388
Gundlach ER, Hayes MO (1978) Vulnerability of coastal environments to oil spill impacts. Marine Technology Society Journal 12:18-27
Hassan A, AI-Sum EA, Aziz S (1994) Storage and retrieval of corrosion data of desalination plant owners. Desalination 97:131-146
Herbranson L, Suemoto SH (1993) Desalination research - current needs and approaches - a US perspective. Proceedings of the IDA and WRPC world conference on desalination and water treatment,
Yokohama. Vol. 1:209-216
Hapner Th (1996) Long-term observations on natural remediation processes following the 1991 Gulf
War oil spill. In: Krupp F, Fleming R (eds.) Establishment of a marine habitat and wildlife sanctuary
for the Gulf region. Final Report for Phase III. European Commission (Brussels), National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (Riyadh), pp 127-129
Hoepner Th, Windelberg J (1996) Elements of environmental impact studies on coastal desalination
plants. Desalination 108:11-18
Jones DA (1986) A field guide to the sea shores of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. University of Kuwait
(distributed by Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK.)
Jones DA, Fleming RM, At-Tayyeb HH (without year). Habitats of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary.
Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt (Germany) and National Commission
for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh. ISBN 3-929907-21-6
Klpps JA (1991)Seawater desalination along California's central coast. IDA world conference on
desalination and water reuse, Washington. Vol. 1:1-9
Laane RWPM (ed.) (1992) Background concentrations of natural compounds in rivers,seawater, atmosphere and mussels. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Directorate General of Public Works and Water Management. The Hague (Netherlands)
Magid AMHA (1995) Strategy for the water conservation in the UAE. Proceedings of the IDA World
Congress on Desalination and Water Sciences,Abu Dhabi. Vol. VII:452-472
T.Hapner
portant that serious and exemplary environmental impact analyses are finished and
published within the next few years to serve as models and standards. Otherwise, the
number and density of plants will generate not only individual adverse effects, but also
cumulative and even synergistic ones - to the disadvantage oflarge sea areas and semienclosed seas.
Acknowledgments. The author thanks Prof. Dr. J. Windelberg (Oldenburg) for elaborating Section 9.2 "The Legal Context", Mr. K. Wangnick (Gnarrenburg) for valuable general and statistical information and Mrs. D. Kremser for the figures. He regrets that
conditions of confidence prevent from the use of (unpublished) data and information
on distinct desalination plants.
References
AI-Azzaz A, Abrams J, Zaczek S, Awerbuch L (1989) Jeddah stack emissions problems and solutions.
Proceedings of the fourth world congress in desalination and water reuse, Kuwait. Vol. 1:459-470
AI-Gobaisi DMK (1994) A quarter-century of seawater desalination by large multistage flash plants in
Abu Dhabi. Desalination 99:483-508
Al-Gobaisi DMK (1995) The desalination manifesto. Proceedings of the IDA World Congress on
Desalination and Water Sciences, Abu Dhabi. Vol. 1,3-27
AI-Sofi MAK (1993) Water scarcity - the challenge of the future. Proceedings of the IDA and WRPC
World Conference on Desalination and Water Treatment. Yokohama. Vol. 11:591-599
Awerbuch L (1994) Perspective and challenges for desalination. Desalination 99:191-194
Basson PW, Burchard JE, Hardy JT, Price ARG (1981) Biotopes of the western Arabian Gulf, 2nd edn.
Aramco Dept. of Loss Prevention and Environmental Affairs, Dhahran
Buros OK (1990) The Desalting ABC. IDA (International Desalting Association), P. O. Box 387, Topsfield,
Mass. 01983, USA
Clark JR (1996) Coastal zone management handbook. CRC Lewis Publ. Boca Raton, 694 pp
del Bene JY, Jirka G, Largier J (1994) Ocean brine disposal. Desalination 97:365-372
EC (European Communities) (1985) Directive on the assessment of certain public and private projects
on the environment. Official Journal of the European Communities L175/40 (July 27, 1985)
El Din AMS, Aziz S, Makkawi B (1994) Electricity and water production in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
and its impact on the environment. Desalination 97:373-388
Gundlach ER, Hayes MO (1978) Vulnerability of coastal environments to oil spill impacts. Marine Technology Society Journal 12:18-27
Hassan A, AI-Sum EA, Aziz S (1994) Storage and retrieval of corrosion data of desalination plant owners. Desalination 97:131-146
Herbranson L, Suemoto SH (1993) Desalination research - current needs and approaches - a US perspective. Proceedings of the IDA and WRPC world conference on desalination and water treatment,
Yokohama. Vol. 1:209-216
Hapner Th (1996) Long-term observations on natural remediation processes following the 1991 Gulf
War oil spill. In: Krupp F, Fleming R (eds.) Establishment of a marine habitat and wildlife sanctuary
for the Gulf region. Final Report for Phase III. European Commission (Brussels), National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development (Riyadh), pp 127-129
Hoepner Th, Windelberg J (1996) Elements of environmental impact studies on coastal desalination
plants. Desalination 108:11-18
Jones DA (1986) A field guide to the sea shores of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. University of Kuwait
(distributed by Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK.)
Jones DA, Fleming RM, At-Tayyeb HH (without year). Habitats of the Jubail Marine Wildlife Sanctuary.
Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt (Germany) and National Commission
for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh. ISBN 3-929907-21-6
Klpps JA (1991)Seawater desalination along California's central coast. IDA world conference on
desalination and water reuse, Washington. Vol. 1:1-9
Laane RWPM (ed.) (1992) Background concentrations of natural compounds in rivers,seawater, atmosphere and mussels. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Directorate General of Public Works and Water Management. The Hague (Netherlands)
Magid AMHA (1995) Strategy for the water conservation in the UAE. Proceedings of the IDA World
Congress on Desalination and Water Sciences,Abu Dhabi. Vol. VII:452-472