CHAPTER 10
Polar SAR Data for Operational Sea Ice Mapping
C. BERTOIA, J. FALKINGHAM, F. FETTERER
Contents
10.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 202
10.2 Operational Requirements for Ice Information...................................... 202
10.3 Ice Information Services Throughout the World.................................... 203
10.3-1 United States of America.................................................. ................ 203
10.3. 2 Canada......................................................................................... 206
10.3.3 Baltic Nations ............. ..................................... .................. ............. 208
10.3.4 Japan............................................................................................ 210
10.3.5 Russia and Former Soviet Republics.. ................................................ 211
10.4 Radar Monitoring of Ice..................................................................... 212
10.4.1 Ice Reconnaissance: Aircraft SAR and Beyond..................................... 212
10.4.2 Processing and Communications...................................................... 212
10.5 Manual Analysis Techniques ................................................ ............... 215
10.5.1 Backscatter for Ice Classification .................... ...................... ............. 216
10.5.2 SAR Image Clues to Ice Stage of Development .................................... 217
10.5.3 Synergistic Use with Other Data Types or Information ........ ................. 220
10.6 Automated Ice Classification.............................................................. 222
10.6.1 Automated Ice Classification with ERS-l at NIC .................................. 223
10.6.2 Experience with ERS-l at CIS ........................................................... 225
10.7 Improving Automated Classification ........... ......... ...................... .......... 226
10.7.1 Dynamic Thresholding..................................................................... 226
10.7.2 Texture.......................................................................................... 226
10.7.3 Expert Systems .................................................................... ........... 227
10.7.4 Summary ......................... ............................ ............................. ..... 228
10.8 Automated Ice Motion Tracking.......................................................... 229
10.8.1 The Development of Automated Ice Motion Algorithms ...................... 229
10.8.2 SAR Ice Motion Algorithms at US and Canadian
Operational Centers........................................................................ 229
10.9 Problems and Potential...................................................................... 230
References............................................................................................... 231
Polar SAR Data for Operational Sea Ice Mapping
C. BERTOIA, J. FALKINGHAM, F. FETTERER
Contents
10.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 202
10.2 Operational Requirements for Ice Information...................................... 202
10.3 Ice Information Services Throughout the World.................................... 203
10.3-1 United States of America.................................................. ................ 203
10.3. 2 Canada......................................................................................... 206
10.3.3 Baltic Nations ............. ..................................... .................. ............. 208
10.3.4 Japan............................................................................................ 210
10.3.5 Russia and Former Soviet Republics.. ................................................ 211
10.4 Radar Monitoring of Ice..................................................................... 212
10.4.1 Ice Reconnaissance: Aircraft SAR and Beyond..................................... 212
10.4.2 Processing and Communications...................................................... 212
10.5 Manual Analysis Techniques ................................................ ............... 215
10.5.1 Backscatter for Ice Classification .................... ...................... ............. 216
10.5.2 SAR Image Clues to Ice Stage of Development .................................... 217
10.5.3 Synergistic Use with Other Data Types or Information ........ ................. 220
10.6 Automated Ice Classification.............................................................. 222
10.6.1 Automated Ice Classification with ERS-l at NIC .................................. 223
10.6.2 Experience with ERS-l at CIS ........................................................... 225
10.7 Improving Automated Classification ........... ......... ...................... .......... 226
10.7.1 Dynamic Thresholding..................................................................... 226
10.7.2 Texture.......................................................................................... 226
10.7.3 Expert Systems .................................................................... ........... 227
10.7.4 Summary ......................... ............................ ............................. ..... 228
10.8 Automated Ice Motion Tracking.......................................................... 229
10.8.1 The Development of Automated Ice Motion Algorithms ...................... 229
10.8.2 SAR Ice Motion Algorithms at US and Canadian
Operational Centers........................................................................ 229
10.9 Problems and Potential...................................................................... 230
References............................................................................................... 231