555
(Fairall et al. 1996) in widespread use by ocean and atmosphere modelers
alike. The validated fluxes and in-water profile observations are well suited
to evaluating the suite of closure options used to parameterize vertical
turbulence in ocean models. However, this comparison is possible only if the
model captures the essential features of the ocean heat budget on diurnal to
several day time-scales, and spatial scales of order 1 km. This is required
because, as noted above, the environs of Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket
are characterized by complex bathymetry, significant stratification, and tidal
eddy heat transport and mixing. As a result, 3-dimensional ocean circulation
leads to lateral stirring and advection that constitute a significant term in any
heat budget calculation at the MVCO site. Ocean modeling for CBLAST,
which we describe in section 3, therefore has the dual objectives of critically
evaluating numerical parameterizations within the model and
complementing the interpretation of the field observations by quantifying
unobserved lateral divergence of heat.
2.2
New Jersey shelf observing system and LATTE
Buoyant coastal currents extend along much of the U.S. East Coast and
consist of a series of estuarine plumes that are fed by rivers with typical
maximum discharge rates on the order of 1000 m
3
/s. Among these the
Hudson River is typical, yet it may dominate the transport of nutrients and
chemical contaminants to the coastal ocean. For well over 100 years it has
been the most urbanized estuary in the U.S. For example, only recently has
Los Angeles’s population exceeded that of New York in 1900; today over 20
million people live in its watershed. New York and New Jersey Harbor
exceed the mercury standard (Adams et al. 1998). Levels of nutrients and
metal complexes in the dissolved phase can be an order of magnitude higher
than in ambient shelf waters. It is arguably the most contaminated estuary on
the East Coast.
Now termed the New Jersey Shelf Observing System (NJSOS), Rutgers’
coastal observatory has been refocused from the LEO region to the apex of
the New York Bight by an expansion to the network of CODAR
operation of a fleet of long-duration glider-type AUVs for subsurface
physical and bio-optical observations. The NJSOS concept is designed, in
part, to focus attention on the fate and transport of dissolved and particulate
organic matter, inorganic nutrients and metals discharged onto the shelf in
the Hudson River plume.
Using the NJSOS as a foundation, the centerpiece of the LATTE
program is a series of dye tracer experiments (over 3 years) during the spring
FORECAST AND MODELS FOR COASTAL OBSERVATORIES
Code to Chesapeake Bay), yet are responsible for 90% of sediments in this
account for some 4% of sediment loadings in the Virginian Province (Cape
Province that exceed the EPA standard for total PCBs and 69% of those that
instruments, the installation of a local X-band satellite receiver, and
(Fairall et al. 1996) in widespread use by ocean and atmosphere modelers
alike. The validated fluxes and in-water profile observations are well suited
to evaluating the suite of closure options used to parameterize vertical
turbulence in ocean models. However, this comparison is possible only if the
model captures the essential features of the ocean heat budget on diurnal to
several day time-scales, and spatial scales of order 1 km. This is required
because, as noted above, the environs of Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket
are characterized by complex bathymetry, significant stratification, and tidal
eddy heat transport and mixing. As a result, 3-dimensional ocean circulation
leads to lateral stirring and advection that constitute a significant term in any
heat budget calculation at the MVCO site. Ocean modeling for CBLAST,
which we describe in section 3, therefore has the dual objectives of critically
evaluating numerical parameterizations within the model and
complementing the interpretation of the field observations by quantifying
unobserved lateral divergence of heat.
2.2
New Jersey shelf observing system and LATTE
Buoyant coastal currents extend along much of the U.S. East Coast and
consist of a series of estuarine plumes that are fed by rivers with typical
maximum discharge rates on the order of 1000 m
3
/s. Among these the
Hudson River is typical, yet it may dominate the transport of nutrients and
chemical contaminants to the coastal ocean. For well over 100 years it has
been the most urbanized estuary in the U.S. For example, only recently has
Los Angeles’s population exceeded that of New York in 1900; today over 20
million people live in its watershed. New York and New Jersey Harbor
exceed the mercury standard (Adams et al. 1998). Levels of nutrients and
metal complexes in the dissolved phase can be an order of magnitude higher
than in ambient shelf waters. It is arguably the most contaminated estuary on
the East Coast.
Now termed the New Jersey Shelf Observing System (NJSOS), Rutgers’
coastal observatory has been refocused from the LEO region to the apex of
the New York Bight by an expansion to the network of CODAR
operation of a fleet of long-duration glider-type AUVs for subsurface
physical and bio-optical observations. The NJSOS concept is designed, in
part, to focus attention on the fate and transport of dissolved and particulate
organic matter, inorganic nutrients and metals discharged onto the shelf in
the Hudson River plume.
Using the NJSOS as a foundation, the centerpiece of the LATTE
program is a series of dye tracer experiments (over 3 years) during the spring
FORECAST AND MODELS FOR COASTAL OBSERVATORIES
Code to Chesapeake Bay), yet are responsible for 90% of sediments in this
account for some 4% of sediment loadings in the Virginian Province (Cape
Province that exceed the EPA standard for total PCBs and 69% of those that
instruments, the installation of a local X-band satellite receiver, and