pattern. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4(5), 1–23,
doi:10.1029/2002GC000417.
Navin, D. A., Peirce, C., and Sinha, M. C., 1998. The RAMESSES
experiment – II. Evidence for accumulated melt beneath a slow
spreading ridge from wide-angle refraction and multichannel
reflection seismic profiles. Geophysical Journal International,
135(3), 746–772, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00709.x.
Parson, L. M., Murton, B. J., Searle, R. C., Booth, D., Keeton, J.,
Laughton, A., Mcallister, E., Millard, N., Redbourne, L., Rouse,
I., Shor, A., Smith, D., Spencer, S., Summerhayes, C., et al.,
1993. En echelon axial volcanic ridges at the Reykjanes Ridge:
a life cycle of volcanism and tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 117, 73–87, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90118-S.
Peirce, C., and Sinha, M. C., 2008. Life and death of axial volcanic
ridges: segmentation and crustal accretion at the Reykjanes
Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 274(1–2),
112–120, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.011.
Qin, R., and Buck, W. R., 2008. Why meter-wide dikes at oceanic
spreading centers? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 265,
466–474, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.044.
Searle, R. C., Keeton, J. A., Owens, R. B., White, R. S.,
Mecklenburgh, R., Parsons, B., and Lee, S. M., 1998. The
Reykjanes Ridge: structure and tectonics of a hot-spotinfluenced, slow-spreading ridge, from multibeam bathymetry,
gravity and magnetic investigations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 160(3–4), 463–478, doi:10.1016/S0012821X(98)00104-6.
Searle, R. C., Murton, B. J., Achenbach, K., LeBas, T., Tivey, M.,
Yeo, I., Cormier, M. H., Carlut, J., Ferreira, P., Mallows, C., Morris, K., Schroth, N., van Calsteren, P., and Waters, C., 2010.
Structure and development of an axial volcanic ridge:
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 45
N. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
299, 228–241, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.003.
Sempere, J. C., Lin, J., Brown, H. S., Schouten, H., Purdy, G. M.,
and Oceanography, I., 1993. Segmentation and morphotectonic
variations along a slow-spreading center: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(24
00
0 N-30
40
0 N). Marine Geophysical Researches, 15(3),
61–102, doi:10.1007/BF01204232.
Sinha, M. C., Constable, S. C., Peirce, C., White, A., Heinson, G.,
MacGregor, L. M., and Navin, D. A., 1998. Magmatic processes
at slow spreading ridges: implications of the RAMESSES experiment at 57
45
0 N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geophysical Journal International, 135(3), 731–745, doi:10.1046/j.1365246X.1998.00704.x.
Sinton, J. M., and Detrick, R. S., 1992. Mid-Ocean Ridge magma
chambers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(B1), 197–216,
doi:10.1029/91JB02508.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1990. Hundreds of small volcanoes
on the median valley floor of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature,
348, 152–155, doi:10.1038/348152a0.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1992. The role of seamount volcanism in crustal construction and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 97(B2), 152–155, doi:10.1029/
91JB02507.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1993. Building the crust at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature, 365, 707–715, doi:10.1038/
365707a0.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1999. Constructing the upper crust of
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: a reinterpretation based on the Puna
Ridge, Kilauea Volcano. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104
(B11), 25379–25399, doi:10.1029/1999JB900177.
Smith, D. K., Cann, J. R., Dougherty, M. E., Lin, J., Spencer, S.,
Macleod, C., Keeton, J., Mcallister, E., Brooks, B., Pascoe, R.,
and Robertson, W., 1995. Mid-Atlantic Ridge volcanism from
deep-towed side-scan sonar images, 25 degrees-29 degrees-N.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 67,
233–262, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(94)00086-V.
Sturm, M. E., Goldstein, S. J., Klein, E. M., Karson, J. A., and
Murrell, M. T., 2000. Uranium-series age constraints on lavas
from the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MARK area.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 181(1–2), 61–70,
doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1.
Yeo, I. A., and Searle, R. C., 2013. High resolution ROV mapping
of a slow-spreading Ridge: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 45
N. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(6), 1693–1702, doi:10.1002/
ggge.20082.
Yeo, I., Searle, R. C., Achenbach, K. L., Bas, L., Tim, P., and
Murton, B. J., 2012. Eruptive hummocks: building blocks of
the upper ocean crust. Geology, 40(1), 91–94, doi:10.1130/
G31892.1.
Yeo, I. A., Clague, D. A., Martin, J. F., Paduan, J. B., and Caress,
D. W., 2013. Pre-eruptive flow focusing in dikes feeding historical pillow Ridges on the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridges. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(9), 3586–3599,
doi:10.1002/ggge.20210.
Cross-references
Crustal Accretion
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Oceanic Rifts
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Submarine Lava Types
AXIAL VOLCANIC RIDGES
39
doi:10.1029/2002GC000417.
Navin, D. A., Peirce, C., and Sinha, M. C., 1998. The RAMESSES
experiment – II. Evidence for accumulated melt beneath a slow
spreading ridge from wide-angle refraction and multichannel
reflection seismic profiles. Geophysical Journal International,
135(3), 746–772, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00709.x.
Parson, L. M., Murton, B. J., Searle, R. C., Booth, D., Keeton, J.,
Laughton, A., Mcallister, E., Millard, N., Redbourne, L., Rouse,
I., Shor, A., Smith, D., Spencer, S., Summerhayes, C., et al.,
1993. En echelon axial volcanic ridges at the Reykjanes Ridge:
a life cycle of volcanism and tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 117, 73–87, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90118-S.
Peirce, C., and Sinha, M. C., 2008. Life and death of axial volcanic
ridges: segmentation and crustal accretion at the Reykjanes
Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 274(1–2),
112–120, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.011.
Qin, R., and Buck, W. R., 2008. Why meter-wide dikes at oceanic
spreading centers? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 265,
466–474, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.044.
Searle, R. C., Keeton, J. A., Owens, R. B., White, R. S.,
Mecklenburgh, R., Parsons, B., and Lee, S. M., 1998. The
Reykjanes Ridge: structure and tectonics of a hot-spotinfluenced, slow-spreading ridge, from multibeam bathymetry,
gravity and magnetic investigations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 160(3–4), 463–478, doi:10.1016/S0012821X(98)00104-6.
Searle, R. C., Murton, B. J., Achenbach, K., LeBas, T., Tivey, M.,
Yeo, I., Cormier, M. H., Carlut, J., Ferreira, P., Mallows, C., Morris, K., Schroth, N., van Calsteren, P., and Waters, C., 2010.
Structure and development of an axial volcanic ridge:
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 45
N. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
299, 228–241, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.003.
Sempere, J. C., Lin, J., Brown, H. S., Schouten, H., Purdy, G. M.,
and Oceanography, I., 1993. Segmentation and morphotectonic
variations along a slow-spreading center: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(24
00
0 N-30
40
0 N). Marine Geophysical Researches, 15(3),
61–102, doi:10.1007/BF01204232.
Sinha, M. C., Constable, S. C., Peirce, C., White, A., Heinson, G.,
MacGregor, L. M., and Navin, D. A., 1998. Magmatic processes
at slow spreading ridges: implications of the RAMESSES experiment at 57
45
0 N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geophysical Journal International, 135(3), 731–745, doi:10.1046/j.1365246X.1998.00704.x.
Sinton, J. M., and Detrick, R. S., 1992. Mid-Ocean Ridge magma
chambers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(B1), 197–216,
doi:10.1029/91JB02508.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1990. Hundreds of small volcanoes
on the median valley floor of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature,
348, 152–155, doi:10.1038/348152a0.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1992. The role of seamount volcanism in crustal construction and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 97(B2), 152–155, doi:10.1029/
91JB02507.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1993. Building the crust at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature, 365, 707–715, doi:10.1038/
365707a0.
Smith, D. K., and Cann, J. R., 1999. Constructing the upper crust of
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: a reinterpretation based on the Puna
Ridge, Kilauea Volcano. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104
(B11), 25379–25399, doi:10.1029/1999JB900177.
Smith, D. K., Cann, J. R., Dougherty, M. E., Lin, J., Spencer, S.,
Macleod, C., Keeton, J., Mcallister, E., Brooks, B., Pascoe, R.,
and Robertson, W., 1995. Mid-Atlantic Ridge volcanism from
deep-towed side-scan sonar images, 25 degrees-29 degrees-N.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 67,
233–262, doi:10.1016/0377-0273(94)00086-V.
Sturm, M. E., Goldstein, S. J., Klein, E. M., Karson, J. A., and
Murrell, M. T., 2000. Uranium-series age constraints on lavas
from the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MARK area.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 181(1–2), 61–70,
doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00177-1.
Yeo, I. A., and Searle, R. C., 2013. High resolution ROV mapping
of a slow-spreading Ridge: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 45
N. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(6), 1693–1702, doi:10.1002/
ggge.20082.
Yeo, I., Searle, R. C., Achenbach, K. L., Bas, L., Tim, P., and
Murton, B. J., 2012. Eruptive hummocks: building blocks of
the upper ocean crust. Geology, 40(1), 91–94, doi:10.1130/
G31892.1.
Yeo, I. A., Clague, D. A., Martin, J. F., Paduan, J. B., and Caress,
D. W., 2013. Pre-eruptive flow focusing in dikes feeding historical pillow Ridges on the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridges. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(9), 3586–3599,
doi:10.1002/ggge.20210.
Cross-references
Crustal Accretion
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Oceanic Rifts
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Submarine Lava Types
AXIAL VOLCANIC RIDGES
39