Jacobs, A. M., Harding, A. J., and Kent, G. M., 2007. Axial crustal
structure of the Lau back-arc basin from velocity modeling of
multichannel seismic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
259, 239–255.
Jousselin, D., and Nicolas, A., 2000. The Moho transition zone in
the Oman ophiolite – relation with wehrlites in the crust and
dunites in the mantle. Marine Geophysical Researches, 21
(3–4), 229–241.
Karato, S., 2012. On the origin of the asthenosphere. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 321, 95–103.
Kamesh Raju, K. A., Ramprasad, T., Rao, P. S., Ramalingeswara
Rao, B., and Varghese, J., 2004, New insights into the tectonic
evolution of the Andaman basin, northeast Indian Ocean. Earth
Planetary Science Letters, 221, 145–162.
Kawakatsu, H., Kumar, P., Takei, Y., Shinohara, M., Kanazawa, T.,
Araki, E., and Suyehiro, K., 2009. Seismic evidence for sharp
lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries of oceanic plates. Science,
324, 499–502.
Kent, G. M., Harding, A. J., and Orcutt, J. A., 1993. Distribution of
magma beneath the East Pacific Rise between the Clipperton
transform and the 9
17
0 N Deval from forward modelling of
common depth point data. Journal of Geophysical Research,
98, 13945–13969.
Kent, G. M., Harding, A. J., Orcutt, J. A., Detrick, R. S.,
Mutter, J. C., and Buhl, P., 1994. Uniform accretion of
oceanic crust south of the Garrett transform at 14
15
0 S on the
East Pacific Rise. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99,
9097–9116.
Kent, G. M., Singh, S. C., Harding, A. J., Sinha, M. C., Tong, V.,
Barton, P. J., Hobbs, R., White, R., Bazin, S., and Pye, J.,
2000. Evidence from three-dimensional reflectivity images for
enhanced melt supply beneath mid-ocean-ridge discontinuities.
Nature, 406, 614–618.
Li, A., and Detrick, R. S., 2003. Azimuthal anisotropy and phase
velocity beneath Iceland: implication for plume-ridge interaction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 214, 153–165.
Livermore, R., et al., 1997. Subduction influence on magma supply
at the East Scotia Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
123, 255–268.
Lowell, R. P., Farough, A., Germanovich, L. N., Hebert, L. B., and
Horne, R., 2012. A vent-field-scale model of the East Pacific
Rise 9
50
0 N magma-hydrothermal system. Oceanography,
25(1), 158–167, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.13.
Macdonald, K. C., Fox, P. J., Perram, L. J., Eisen, M. F.,
Haymon, R. M., Miller, S. P., Carbotte, S. M., Cormier, M. H.,
and Shor, A. N., 1988. A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from
the behaviour of the ridge-axis discontinuities. Nature, 335,
217–225.
MacLennan, J., Hulme, T., and Singh, S. C., 2004. Thermal model
of oceanic crustal accretion: linking geophysical, geological
and geochemical observations. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 5, Q02F25.
MacLeod, C. J., Escartin, J., Banerji, D., Banks, G. J., Gleeson, M.,
Irving, D. H. B., Lilly, R. M., McCaig, A. M., Niu, Y., Allerton,
S., and Smith, D. K., 2002. Direct geological evidence for oceanic detachment faulting: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 15
45
0 N.
Geology, 30(10), 879–882.
Mainprice, D., 1997. Modelling the anisotropic seismic properties
of partially molten rocks found at mid-ocean ridges.
Tectonophysics, 279, 161–179.
Manning, C. E., Weston, P. E., and Mahon, K. I., 1996. Rapid hightemperature metamorphism of East Pacific Rise gabbros from
Hess Deep. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 144, 123–132.
Manning, G. E., MacLeod, C. J., and Weston, P. E., 2000. Lowercrustal cracking front at fast-spreading ridges: evidence from
the East Pacific Rise and the Oman ophiolite. Geological Society
of America Special Papers, 349, 261–272.
Michael, P. J., et al., 2003. Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean.
Nature, 423, 956–961.
Murase, T., and McBirney, A. R., 1973. Properties of some common
igneous rocks and their melts at high temperature. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 84, 3563–3592.
Nedimovic, M. R., Carbotte, S. M., Harding, A. J., Detrick, R. S.,
Canales, J. P., Diebold, J. B., Kent, G. M., Tischer, M., and
Babcock, J. M., 2005. Frozen magma lenses below the oceanic
crust. Nature, 436, 1149–1152.
Nicolas, A., 1989. Structures of Ophiolites and Dynamics of Oceanic Lithosphere. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Nicolas, A., 1992. Les montagnes sous la mer. BRGM editions,
Orléans. English translation: The Mid-Oceanic Ridges: Mountains Below Sea Level. 1995, Edition BRGM, Orlean.
Nicolas, A., and Ildefonse, B., 1996. Flow mechanism and viscosity
in basaltic magma chambers. Geophysical Research Letters, 23,
2013–2016.
Nicolas, A., Reuber, I., and Benn, K., 1988. A new magma chamber
model based on structural studies in the Oman ophiolite.
Tectonophysics, 151, 87–105.
Nicolas, A., Boudier, F., and Meshi, A., 1999. Slow spreading
accretion and mantle denudation in the Mirdita ophiolite
(Albania). Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(B7),
15155–15167.
Nicolas, A., Boudier, F., and Mainprice, D., 2003. Hightemperature seawater circulation throughout crust of oceanic
crust: a model derived from the Oman ophiolite. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(B8), 2371, doi:10.1029/2002JB002094.
Nicolas, A., Boudier, F., and France, L., 2009. Subsidence in
magma chamber and the development of magmatic foliation in
the Oman ophiolite gabbros. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 284, 76–87.
Nooner, S. L., et al., 2003. Constraints on crustal structure at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge from seafloor gravity measurements made
at the Atlantis Massif. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(8),
1446, doi:10.1029/2003GL017126.
Nowacki, A., Kendall, J. M., and Wookey, J., 2012. Mantle anisotropy beneath the Earth’s mid-ocean ridges. Earth and Planetary
Science
Letters,
317–318,
56–67,
doi:10.1016/j.
epsl.2011.11.044.
Phipps Morgan, J., and Chen, Y. J., 1993. Dependence of ridge-axis
morphology on magma supply and spreading rate. Nature, 364,
706–708.
Rabinowicz, M., Nicolas, A., and Vigneresse, J. L., 1984. A rolling
mill effect in asthenosphere beneath oceanic spreading centers.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67, 97–108.
Rioux, M., Bowring, S., Kelemen, P., Gordon, S., Miller, R., and
Dudas, F., 2012. Tectonic development of the Samail ophiolite;
high precision U-Zircon geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopic
constraints on crustal growth and emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, B07201.
Sauter, D., Cannat, M., Rouméjon, S., Andreani, M., Birot, D.,
Bronner, A., Brunelli, D., Carlut, J., Delacour, A., Guyader, V.,
MacLeod, J., Manatschal, G., Mendel, V., Ménez, B., Pasini,
V., Ruellan, E., and Searle, R., 2013. Continuous exhumation
of mantle-derived rocks at the Southern Indian Ridge for 11 million years. Nature Geoscience, 6, 314–320.
Schroeder, T., and John, B. E., 2004. Strain localization on an oceanic detachment fault system, Atlantis Massif, 30
N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 5(11),
Q11007, doi:10.1029/2004GC000728.
Seher, T., Crawford, W., Singh, S. C., Cannat, M., Combier, V.,
Dusunur, D., and Canales, J.-P.,2010. Crustal velocity structure
of the Lucky Strike segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37
N)
from seismic refraction measurements. J.G.R., 115, B03103.
doi:10.1029/2009.
586
OCEANIC SPREADING CENTERS
structure of the Lau back-arc basin from velocity modeling of
multichannel seismic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
259, 239–255.
Jousselin, D., and Nicolas, A., 2000. The Moho transition zone in
the Oman ophiolite – relation with wehrlites in the crust and
dunites in the mantle. Marine Geophysical Researches, 21
(3–4), 229–241.
Karato, S., 2012. On the origin of the asthenosphere. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 321, 95–103.
Kamesh Raju, K. A., Ramprasad, T., Rao, P. S., Ramalingeswara
Rao, B., and Varghese, J., 2004, New insights into the tectonic
evolution of the Andaman basin, northeast Indian Ocean. Earth
Planetary Science Letters, 221, 145–162.
Kawakatsu, H., Kumar, P., Takei, Y., Shinohara, M., Kanazawa, T.,
Araki, E., and Suyehiro, K., 2009. Seismic evidence for sharp
lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries of oceanic plates. Science,
324, 499–502.
Kent, G. M., Harding, A. J., and Orcutt, J. A., 1993. Distribution of
magma beneath the East Pacific Rise between the Clipperton
transform and the 9
17
0 N Deval from forward modelling of
common depth point data. Journal of Geophysical Research,
98, 13945–13969.
Kent, G. M., Harding, A. J., Orcutt, J. A., Detrick, R. S.,
Mutter, J. C., and Buhl, P., 1994. Uniform accretion of
oceanic crust south of the Garrett transform at 14
15
0 S on the
East Pacific Rise. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99,
9097–9116.
Kent, G. M., Singh, S. C., Harding, A. J., Sinha, M. C., Tong, V.,
Barton, P. J., Hobbs, R., White, R., Bazin, S., and Pye, J.,
2000. Evidence from three-dimensional reflectivity images for
enhanced melt supply beneath mid-ocean-ridge discontinuities.
Nature, 406, 614–618.
Li, A., and Detrick, R. S., 2003. Azimuthal anisotropy and phase
velocity beneath Iceland: implication for plume-ridge interaction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 214, 153–165.
Livermore, R., et al., 1997. Subduction influence on magma supply
at the East Scotia Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
123, 255–268.
Lowell, R. P., Farough, A., Germanovich, L. N., Hebert, L. B., and
Horne, R., 2012. A vent-field-scale model of the East Pacific
Rise 9
50
0 N magma-hydrothermal system. Oceanography,
25(1), 158–167, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.13.
Macdonald, K. C., Fox, P. J., Perram, L. J., Eisen, M. F.,
Haymon, R. M., Miller, S. P., Carbotte, S. M., Cormier, M. H.,
and Shor, A. N., 1988. A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from
the behaviour of the ridge-axis discontinuities. Nature, 335,
217–225.
MacLennan, J., Hulme, T., and Singh, S. C., 2004. Thermal model
of oceanic crustal accretion: linking geophysical, geological
and geochemical observations. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 5, Q02F25.
MacLeod, C. J., Escartin, J., Banerji, D., Banks, G. J., Gleeson, M.,
Irving, D. H. B., Lilly, R. M., McCaig, A. M., Niu, Y., Allerton,
S., and Smith, D. K., 2002. Direct geological evidence for oceanic detachment faulting: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 15
45
0 N.
Geology, 30(10), 879–882.
Mainprice, D., 1997. Modelling the anisotropic seismic properties
of partially molten rocks found at mid-ocean ridges.
Tectonophysics, 279, 161–179.
Manning, C. E., Weston, P. E., and Mahon, K. I., 1996. Rapid hightemperature metamorphism of East Pacific Rise gabbros from
Hess Deep. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 144, 123–132.
Manning, G. E., MacLeod, C. J., and Weston, P. E., 2000. Lowercrustal cracking front at fast-spreading ridges: evidence from
the East Pacific Rise and the Oman ophiolite. Geological Society
of America Special Papers, 349, 261–272.
Michael, P. J., et al., 2003. Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean.
Nature, 423, 956–961.
Murase, T., and McBirney, A. R., 1973. Properties of some common
igneous rocks and their melts at high temperature. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 84, 3563–3592.
Nedimovic, M. R., Carbotte, S. M., Harding, A. J., Detrick, R. S.,
Canales, J. P., Diebold, J. B., Kent, G. M., Tischer, M., and
Babcock, J. M., 2005. Frozen magma lenses below the oceanic
crust. Nature, 436, 1149–1152.
Nicolas, A., 1989. Structures of Ophiolites and Dynamics of Oceanic Lithosphere. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Nicolas, A., 1992. Les montagnes sous la mer. BRGM editions,
Orléans. English translation: The Mid-Oceanic Ridges: Mountains Below Sea Level. 1995, Edition BRGM, Orlean.
Nicolas, A., and Ildefonse, B., 1996. Flow mechanism and viscosity
in basaltic magma chambers. Geophysical Research Letters, 23,
2013–2016.
Nicolas, A., Reuber, I., and Benn, K., 1988. A new magma chamber
model based on structural studies in the Oman ophiolite.
Tectonophysics, 151, 87–105.
Nicolas, A., Boudier, F., and Meshi, A., 1999. Slow spreading
accretion and mantle denudation in the Mirdita ophiolite
(Albania). Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(B7),
15155–15167.
Nicolas, A., Boudier, F., and Mainprice, D., 2003. Hightemperature seawater circulation throughout crust of oceanic
crust: a model derived from the Oman ophiolite. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(B8), 2371, doi:10.1029/2002JB002094.
Nicolas, A., Boudier, F., and France, L., 2009. Subsidence in
magma chamber and the development of magmatic foliation in
the Oman ophiolite gabbros. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 284, 76–87.
Nooner, S. L., et al., 2003. Constraints on crustal structure at the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge from seafloor gravity measurements made
at the Atlantis Massif. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(8),
1446, doi:10.1029/2003GL017126.
Nowacki, A., Kendall, J. M., and Wookey, J., 2012. Mantle anisotropy beneath the Earth’s mid-ocean ridges. Earth and Planetary
Science
Letters,
317–318,
56–67,
doi:10.1016/j.
epsl.2011.11.044.
Phipps Morgan, J., and Chen, Y. J., 1993. Dependence of ridge-axis
morphology on magma supply and spreading rate. Nature, 364,
706–708.
Rabinowicz, M., Nicolas, A., and Vigneresse, J. L., 1984. A rolling
mill effect in asthenosphere beneath oceanic spreading centers.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67, 97–108.
Rioux, M., Bowring, S., Kelemen, P., Gordon, S., Miller, R., and
Dudas, F., 2012. Tectonic development of the Samail ophiolite;
high precision U-Zircon geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopic
constraints on crustal growth and emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, B07201.
Sauter, D., Cannat, M., Rouméjon, S., Andreani, M., Birot, D.,
Bronner, A., Brunelli, D., Carlut, J., Delacour, A., Guyader, V.,
MacLeod, J., Manatschal, G., Mendel, V., Ménez, B., Pasini,
V., Ruellan, E., and Searle, R., 2013. Continuous exhumation
of mantle-derived rocks at the Southern Indian Ridge for 11 million years. Nature Geoscience, 6, 314–320.
Schroeder, T., and John, B. E., 2004. Strain localization on an oceanic detachment fault system, Atlantis Massif, 30
N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 5(11),
Q11007, doi:10.1029/2004GC000728.
Seher, T., Crawford, W., Singh, S. C., Cannat, M., Combier, V.,
Dusunur, D., and Canales, J.-P.,2010. Crustal velocity structure
of the Lucky Strike segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (37
N)
from seismic refraction measurements. J.G.R., 115, B03103.
doi:10.1029/2009.
586
OCEANIC SPREADING CENTERS