termination. Still, many questions remain about marine
anoxia. Facing a warming ocean and intensifying oxygen
depletion in coastal and open oceans, these questions are
certainly relevant for the development and understanding
of our future ocean.
Bibliography
Adams, D. D., Hurtgen, M. T., and Sageman, B. B., 2010. Volcanic
triggering of a biogeochemical cascade during oceanic anoxic
event 2. Nature Geosciences, 3, 201–204.
Algeo, T. J., and Ingall, E., 2007. Sedimentary C org :P ratios,
paleocean ventilation, and Phanerozoic atmospheric pO 2 .
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 256,
130–155.
Anbar, A. D., and Rouxel, O., 2007. Metal stable isotopes in
paleoceanography. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 35, 717–746.
Arthur, M. A., Brumsack, H.-J., Jenkyns, H. C., and Schlanger,
S. O., 1988. Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoceanography
of organic carbon-rich Cretaceous sequences. In Ginsburg,
R. N., and Beaudoin, B. (eds.), Cretaceous Resources, Events
and Rhythms: Background and Plans for Research. Proceedings
of ARW. Digne: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Berner, R. A., 1984. Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 605–615.
Böning, P., Brumsack, H.-J., Böttcher, M. E., Schnetger, B., Kriete, C.,
Kallmeyer, J., and Borchers, S. L., 2004. Geochemistry of Peruvian
near-surface sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68,
4429–4451.
Brumsack, H.-J., 2006. The trace metal content of recent organic-rich
sediments: implications for Cretaceous black shale formation.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232,
344–361.
Calvert, S. E., and Price, N. B., 1970. Minor metal contents of recent
organic-rich sediment off South West Africa. Nature, 227,
593–595.
Canfield, D. E., 1998. A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature, 396, 450–453.
Cohen, A. S., Coe, A. L., and Kemp, D. B., 2007. The Late
Palaeocene-Early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon
isotope excursions: a comparison of their time scales, associated
environmental changes, causes and consequences. Journal of the
Geological Society of London, 164, 1093–1108.
Copenhagen, W. J., 1953. The Periodic Mortality of Fish in the
Walvis Region. Investigational Report 14, Division of Fisheries
Union of South Africa.
De Lange, G. J., Thomson, J., Reitz, A., Slomp, C. P., Speranza
Principato, M., Erba, E., and Corselli, C., 2008. Synchronous
basin-wide formation and redox-controlled preservation of a
Mediterranean sapropel. Nature Geosciences, 1, 606–610.
Dean, W. E., and Arthur, M. A., 1989. Iron-sulfur-carbon relationships in organic-carbon-rich sequences I: cretaceous western
interior seaway. American Journal of Science, 289, 708–743.
Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A., 1974. The Black Sea – Geology,
Chemistry, and Biology. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Memoir 20, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Demaison, G. J., and Moore, G. T., 1980. Anoxic environments and
oil source bed genesis. Organic Geochemistry, 2, 9–31.
Eckert, S., Brumsack, H.-J., Severmann, S., Schnetger, B., März, C.,
and Fröllje, H., 2013. Establishment of euxinic conditions in the
Holocene Black Sea. Geology, 41, 431–434.
Emeis, K. C., Sakamoto, T., Wehausen, R., and Brumsack, H.-J.,
2000. The sapropel record of the eastern Mediterranean Sea –
results of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 160. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 158, 371–395.
Erbacher, J., Huber, B. T., Norris, R. D., and Markey, M., 2001.
Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an ocean
anoxic event in the Cretaceous period. Nature, 409, 325–327.
Ingall, E. D., Bustin, R. M., and Van Cappellen, P., 1993. Influence
of water column anoxia on the burial and preservation of carbon
and phosphorus in marine shales. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 57, 303–316.
Jenkyns, H. C., 2010. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11, Q03004, doi:10.1029/
2009GC002788.
Lyons, T. W., Anbar, A. D., Severmann, S., Scott, C., and Gill,
B. G., 2009. Tracking euxinia in the ancient ocean: a multiproxy
perspective and Proterozoic case study. Annual Reviews in Earth
and Planetary Sciences, 37, 507–534.
März, C., Poulton, S. W., Beckmann, B., Küster, K., Wagner, T., and
Kasten, S., 2008. Redox sensitivity of P cycling during marine
black shale formation: dynamics of sulfidic and anoxic,
non-sulfidic bottom waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
72, 3703–3717.
Meyer, K. M., and Kump, L., 2008. Oceanic euxinia in Earth history: causes and consequences. Annual Reviews in Earth and
Planetary Sciences, 36, 251–288.
Poulton, S. W., and Canfield, D. E., 2005. Development of a sequential
extraction procedure for iron: implications for iron partitioning in
continentally derived particulates. Chemical Geology, 214, 209–221.
Poulton, S. W., and Canfield, D. E., 2011. Ferruginous conditions: a
dominant feature of the ocean through Earth’s history. Elements,
7, 107–112.
Poulton, S. W., Fralick, P. W., and Canfield, D. E., 2010. Spatial variability in oceanic redox structure 1.8 billion years ago. Nature
Geosciences, 3, 486–490.
Richards, F. A., 1965. Anoxic basins and fjords. In Riley, J. P., and
Skirrow, G. (eds.), Chemical Oceanography. London: Academic, pp. 611–643.
Schlanger, S. O., and Jenkyns, H. C., 1976. Cretaceous oceanic
anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw,
55, 179–184.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Wakeham, S. G., Kohnen, M. E. L., Hayes,
J. M., and De Leeuw, J. W., 1993. A 6,000-year sedimentary
molecular record of chemocline excursions in the Black Sea.
Nature, 362, 827–829.
Slomp, C. P., Thomson, J., and De Lange, G. J., 2004. Controls on
phosphorus regeneration and burial during formation of eastern
Mediterranean sapropels. Marine Geology, 203, 141–159.
Tissot, B. P., and Welte, D. H., 1984. Petroleum Formation and
Occurrence. Berlin: Springer.
Trabucho Alexandre, J., Tuenter, E., Henstra, G. A., Van der Zwan,
K., Van de Wal, R. S. W., Dijkstra, H. A., and De Boer, P. L.,
2010. The mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic nutrient trap: black
shales and OAEs. Paleoceanography, 25, PA4201,
doi:10.1029/2010PA001925.
Turgeon, S. C., and Creaser, R. A., 2008. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic
event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature, 454,
323–326.
Cross-references
Biogenic Barium
Deep-sea Sediments
Geologic Time Scale
Laminated Sediments
Marginal Seas
Organic Matter
Paleoproductivity
Sapropels
Source Rocks, Reservoirs
Upwelling
ANOXIC OCEANS
23
anoxia. Facing a warming ocean and intensifying oxygen
depletion in coastal and open oceans, these questions are
certainly relevant for the development and understanding
of our future ocean.
Bibliography
Adams, D. D., Hurtgen, M. T., and Sageman, B. B., 2010. Volcanic
triggering of a biogeochemical cascade during oceanic anoxic
event 2. Nature Geosciences, 3, 201–204.
Algeo, T. J., and Ingall, E., 2007. Sedimentary C org :P ratios,
paleocean ventilation, and Phanerozoic atmospheric pO 2 .
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 256,
130–155.
Anbar, A. D., and Rouxel, O., 2007. Metal stable isotopes in
paleoceanography. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 35, 717–746.
Arthur, M. A., Brumsack, H.-J., Jenkyns, H. C., and Schlanger,
S. O., 1988. Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoceanography
of organic carbon-rich Cretaceous sequences. In Ginsburg,
R. N., and Beaudoin, B. (eds.), Cretaceous Resources, Events
and Rhythms: Background and Plans for Research. Proceedings
of ARW. Digne: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Berner, R. A., 1984. Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 605–615.
Böning, P., Brumsack, H.-J., Böttcher, M. E., Schnetger, B., Kriete, C.,
Kallmeyer, J., and Borchers, S. L., 2004. Geochemistry of Peruvian
near-surface sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68,
4429–4451.
Brumsack, H.-J., 2006. The trace metal content of recent organic-rich
sediments: implications for Cretaceous black shale formation.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232,
344–361.
Calvert, S. E., and Price, N. B., 1970. Minor metal contents of recent
organic-rich sediment off South West Africa. Nature, 227,
593–595.
Canfield, D. E., 1998. A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature, 396, 450–453.
Cohen, A. S., Coe, A. L., and Kemp, D. B., 2007. The Late
Palaeocene-Early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon
isotope excursions: a comparison of their time scales, associated
environmental changes, causes and consequences. Journal of the
Geological Society of London, 164, 1093–1108.
Copenhagen, W. J., 1953. The Periodic Mortality of Fish in the
Walvis Region. Investigational Report 14, Division of Fisheries
Union of South Africa.
De Lange, G. J., Thomson, J., Reitz, A., Slomp, C. P., Speranza
Principato, M., Erba, E., and Corselli, C., 2008. Synchronous
basin-wide formation and redox-controlled preservation of a
Mediterranean sapropel. Nature Geosciences, 1, 606–610.
Dean, W. E., and Arthur, M. A., 1989. Iron-sulfur-carbon relationships in organic-carbon-rich sequences I: cretaceous western
interior seaway. American Journal of Science, 289, 708–743.
Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A., 1974. The Black Sea – Geology,
Chemistry, and Biology. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Memoir 20, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Demaison, G. J., and Moore, G. T., 1980. Anoxic environments and
oil source bed genesis. Organic Geochemistry, 2, 9–31.
Eckert, S., Brumsack, H.-J., Severmann, S., Schnetger, B., März, C.,
and Fröllje, H., 2013. Establishment of euxinic conditions in the
Holocene Black Sea. Geology, 41, 431–434.
Emeis, K. C., Sakamoto, T., Wehausen, R., and Brumsack, H.-J.,
2000. The sapropel record of the eastern Mediterranean Sea –
results of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 160. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 158, 371–395.
Erbacher, J., Huber, B. T., Norris, R. D., and Markey, M., 2001.
Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an ocean
anoxic event in the Cretaceous period. Nature, 409, 325–327.
Ingall, E. D., Bustin, R. M., and Van Cappellen, P., 1993. Influence
of water column anoxia on the burial and preservation of carbon
and phosphorus in marine shales. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 57, 303–316.
Jenkyns, H. C., 2010. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11, Q03004, doi:10.1029/
2009GC002788.
Lyons, T. W., Anbar, A. D., Severmann, S., Scott, C., and Gill,
B. G., 2009. Tracking euxinia in the ancient ocean: a multiproxy
perspective and Proterozoic case study. Annual Reviews in Earth
and Planetary Sciences, 37, 507–534.
März, C., Poulton, S. W., Beckmann, B., Küster, K., Wagner, T., and
Kasten, S., 2008. Redox sensitivity of P cycling during marine
black shale formation: dynamics of sulfidic and anoxic,
non-sulfidic bottom waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,
72, 3703–3717.
Meyer, K. M., and Kump, L., 2008. Oceanic euxinia in Earth history: causes and consequences. Annual Reviews in Earth and
Planetary Sciences, 36, 251–288.
Poulton, S. W., and Canfield, D. E., 2005. Development of a sequential
extraction procedure for iron: implications for iron partitioning in
continentally derived particulates. Chemical Geology, 214, 209–221.
Poulton, S. W., and Canfield, D. E., 2011. Ferruginous conditions: a
dominant feature of the ocean through Earth’s history. Elements,
7, 107–112.
Poulton, S. W., Fralick, P. W., and Canfield, D. E., 2010. Spatial variability in oceanic redox structure 1.8 billion years ago. Nature
Geosciences, 3, 486–490.
Richards, F. A., 1965. Anoxic basins and fjords. In Riley, J. P., and
Skirrow, G. (eds.), Chemical Oceanography. London: Academic, pp. 611–643.
Schlanger, S. O., and Jenkyns, H. C., 1976. Cretaceous oceanic
anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw,
55, 179–184.
Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Wakeham, S. G., Kohnen, M. E. L., Hayes,
J. M., and De Leeuw, J. W., 1993. A 6,000-year sedimentary
molecular record of chemocline excursions in the Black Sea.
Nature, 362, 827–829.
Slomp, C. P., Thomson, J., and De Lange, G. J., 2004. Controls on
phosphorus regeneration and burial during formation of eastern
Mediterranean sapropels. Marine Geology, 203, 141–159.
Tissot, B. P., and Welte, D. H., 1984. Petroleum Formation and
Occurrence. Berlin: Springer.
Trabucho Alexandre, J., Tuenter, E., Henstra, G. A., Van der Zwan,
K., Van de Wal, R. S. W., Dijkstra, H. A., and De Boer, P. L.,
2010. The mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic nutrient trap: black
shales and OAEs. Paleoceanography, 25, PA4201,
doi:10.1029/2010PA001925.
Turgeon, S. C., and Creaser, R. A., 2008. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic
event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature, 454,
323–326.
Cross-references
Biogenic Barium
Deep-sea Sediments
Geologic Time Scale
Laminated Sediments
Marginal Seas
Organic Matter
Paleoproductivity
Sapropels
Source Rocks, Reservoirs
Upwelling
ANOXIC OCEANS
23