from exchange processes between ocean crust and
seawater
• Earth in motion: short-term geodynamic processes of
large and immediate relevance for mankind
(earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides); understanding of
fluid-flow processes in sediments and volcanic crust;
formation and stability of gas hydrates; borehole observation laboratories and their networks; and setup of
early warning systems for disasters
Despite the fact that drilling to the seafloor using
advanced technologies will provide the scientific community with samples of rocks, fluids, and gasses from environments never sampled before, the deep understanding
of Earth’s systems, but also the societal service of marine
geosciences, requires an embedding of new data into an
array of monitoring and modeling approaches. Synchronous to the demands of the estimation of risk of hazards
and projections of trends to the future, long-term instrumental data series gain increasingly importance. These
data series have to be integrated into warning systems of
disasters such as tsunamis. Besides the deep oceans, marginal seas and their coastal zones and river mouth systems
will come into focus of national and international research
projects. Studies of the modification of matter and energy
on the pathway from the source at the continents to the
sink in marine-receiving basins – including expressively
anthropogenic effects – will help to manage processes at
the interface between the terrestrial and the marine realm.
In addition to this service of marine geosciences to management and planning of natural environments in order
to find the balance between their exploitation and sustainable protection, another “classic” task will remain on the
agenda: To explore the history of planet Earth, its structure
and dynamics, as well as new potential sources for the supply of the society with raw materials and energy.
Bibliography
Allègre, C., 1988. The Behavior of the Earth – Continental and Seafloor Mobility. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Vol. XII,
p. 272. ISBN 0-674-06458-5.
Andrée, K., 1920. Geologie des Meeresbodens. Leipzig: Gebr.
Borntraeger. Beschaffenheit, nutzbare Materialien am
Meeresboden, Vol. II. 689 pp.
Baturin, G. N., 1988. The Geochemistry of Manganese and Manganese Nodules in the Ocean. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 342 pp.
Bickle, M. et al. Anonymous, 2011. Illuminating Earth’s Past, Present, and Future – The International Ocean Discovery Program
Exploring the Earth Under the Sea – Science Plan for
2013–2023. Washington, DC: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, 84 p.
Björck, S., Walker, M. J. C., Cwaynar, L. C., Johnsen, S., Knudsen,
K.-L., Lowe, J. J., Wohlfarth, B., and Intimate Members, 1998.
An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the North
Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group. Journal of Quaternary Science,
13(4), 283–292.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R. Almasi, P.,
deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., and Bonani,
G., 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic
Holocene and glacial climates. Science, 278(5341), 1257–1266.
Broecker, W. S., 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography,
4(2), 79–89.
Bullard, E. C., and Gaskell, T. F., 1941. Submarine seismic investigations. Proceedings Royal Society Series A, 177, 476–499.
Chun, C.,1903. Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres. Jena: Gustav
Fischer, 592 p. (with the bathymetric Chart of the German
Deepsea-Expedition 1898/99).
CLIMAP Project Members, 1976. The surface of the iceage earth.
Science, 191(4232), 1131–1137.
Correns, C. W., and W. Schott, 1935/1937. Die Sediments des
Äquatorialen Atlantischen Ozeans. 1. Lfg.: A. Die Verfahren
der Gewinnung und Untersuchung der Sediemtns (Correns).
B. Die Foraminiferen in dem äquatorialen Teil des Atlantischen
Ozeans (Schott).- 2. Lfg.: C. Zusammenstellung der
Untersuchungsergebnisse nach Stationen geordnet. D. Die
Auswertung
der
Ergebnisse.Wiss.
Ergebn.
der
dt. Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Forschungs- und
Vermessungsschiff “Meteor”, Wiss. Ergebn., Vol. 3.3., Berlin:
de Gruyter, 298 p.
Darwin, C., King, P. P., and Fitzroy, R., 1839. Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle
Between the Years 1826 and 1836, Describing Their Examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle’s
Circumnavigation of the Globe. London: Henry Colburn.
D’Hondt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., Miller, D. J., et al., 2004. Distributions of microbial activities in deep subseafloor sediments. Science, 306, 2216–2221.
Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A. (eds.), 1969. Hot Brines and Recent
Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea. New York: Springer.
600 pp.
Dietrich, G., Kalle, K., Krauss, W., and Siedler, G., 1975.
Allgemeine Meereskunde. Eine Einführung in die
Ozeanographie: mit 48 Tabellen, 3, 12th edn. Berlin:
Borntraeger, p. 593.
Dietz, R. S., 1961. Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor. Nature, 4779, 855–857.
Emelyanov, E. M., 2005. The Barrier Zones in the Ocean. Berlin:
Springer. 632 pp.
Emiliani, C., 1992. Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the
Evolution of Life and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 718 pp.
Ewing, M. J. L., Worzel, N. C., Steenland, F., and Press, F., 1950.
Geophysical investigations in the emerged and submerged
Atlantic coastal plain: PART V: Woods Hole, New York, and
Cape May Sections. Geological Society of America Bulletin,
61(9), 877–892, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1950)61[877:giitea]
2.0.co;2.
Fischer, G., and Wefer, G. (eds.), 1999. Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Berlin: Springer.
735 pp.
Foundation, E. S., 1987. Report of the Second Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD II), Strasbourg, France, 6–8 Jul
1987. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation, Vol. VIII.
142 pp.
Francheteau, J., Needham, H. D., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T.,
Seguret, M., Ballard, R. D., Fox, P. J., Normark, W., Carranza,
A., Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H.,
Cambon, P., and Hekinian, R., 1979. Massive deep-sea sulfide
ore-deposits discovered on the east Pacific rise. Nature, 277,
523–528.
Gold, T., 1992. The deep, hot biosphere. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 89(13), 6045–6049.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A.,
Medina-Elizalde, M., Bronk Ramsey, C., Satow, C., and
Roberts, A. P., 2012. Rapid coupling between ice volume and
polar temperature over the past 150,000 years. Nature, 491,
744–747.
446
MARINE GEOSCIENCES: A SHORT, ECCLECTIC AND WEIGHTED HISTORIC ACCOUNT
seawater
• Earth in motion: short-term geodynamic processes of
large and immediate relevance for mankind
(earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides); understanding of
fluid-flow processes in sediments and volcanic crust;
formation and stability of gas hydrates; borehole observation laboratories and their networks; and setup of
early warning systems for disasters
Despite the fact that drilling to the seafloor using
advanced technologies will provide the scientific community with samples of rocks, fluids, and gasses from environments never sampled before, the deep understanding
of Earth’s systems, but also the societal service of marine
geosciences, requires an embedding of new data into an
array of monitoring and modeling approaches. Synchronous to the demands of the estimation of risk of hazards
and projections of trends to the future, long-term instrumental data series gain increasingly importance. These
data series have to be integrated into warning systems of
disasters such as tsunamis. Besides the deep oceans, marginal seas and their coastal zones and river mouth systems
will come into focus of national and international research
projects. Studies of the modification of matter and energy
on the pathway from the source at the continents to the
sink in marine-receiving basins – including expressively
anthropogenic effects – will help to manage processes at
the interface between the terrestrial and the marine realm.
In addition to this service of marine geosciences to management and planning of natural environments in order
to find the balance between their exploitation and sustainable protection, another “classic” task will remain on the
agenda: To explore the history of planet Earth, its structure
and dynamics, as well as new potential sources for the supply of the society with raw materials and energy.
Bibliography
Allègre, C., 1988. The Behavior of the Earth – Continental and Seafloor Mobility. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Vol. XII,
p. 272. ISBN 0-674-06458-5.
Andrée, K., 1920. Geologie des Meeresbodens. Leipzig: Gebr.
Borntraeger. Beschaffenheit, nutzbare Materialien am
Meeresboden, Vol. II. 689 pp.
Baturin, G. N., 1988. The Geochemistry of Manganese and Manganese Nodules in the Ocean. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 342 pp.
Bickle, M. et al. Anonymous, 2011. Illuminating Earth’s Past, Present, and Future – The International Ocean Discovery Program
Exploring the Earth Under the Sea – Science Plan for
2013–2023. Washington, DC: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, 84 p.
Björck, S., Walker, M. J. C., Cwaynar, L. C., Johnsen, S., Knudsen,
K.-L., Lowe, J. J., Wohlfarth, B., and Intimate Members, 1998.
An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the North
Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group. Journal of Quaternary Science,
13(4), 283–292.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R. Almasi, P.,
deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., and Bonani,
G., 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic
Holocene and glacial climates. Science, 278(5341), 1257–1266.
Broecker, W. S., 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography,
4(2), 79–89.
Bullard, E. C., and Gaskell, T. F., 1941. Submarine seismic investigations. Proceedings Royal Society Series A, 177, 476–499.
Chun, C.,1903. Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres. Jena: Gustav
Fischer, 592 p. (with the bathymetric Chart of the German
Deepsea-Expedition 1898/99).
CLIMAP Project Members, 1976. The surface of the iceage earth.
Science, 191(4232), 1131–1137.
Correns, C. W., and W. Schott, 1935/1937. Die Sediments des
Äquatorialen Atlantischen Ozeans. 1. Lfg.: A. Die Verfahren
der Gewinnung und Untersuchung der Sediemtns (Correns).
B. Die Foraminiferen in dem äquatorialen Teil des Atlantischen
Ozeans (Schott).- 2. Lfg.: C. Zusammenstellung der
Untersuchungsergebnisse nach Stationen geordnet. D. Die
Auswertung
der
Ergebnisse.Wiss.
Ergebn.
der
dt. Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Forschungs- und
Vermessungsschiff “Meteor”, Wiss. Ergebn., Vol. 3.3., Berlin:
de Gruyter, 298 p.
Darwin, C., King, P. P., and Fitzroy, R., 1839. Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle
Between the Years 1826 and 1836, Describing Their Examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle’s
Circumnavigation of the Globe. London: Henry Colburn.
D’Hondt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., Miller, D. J., et al., 2004. Distributions of microbial activities in deep subseafloor sediments. Science, 306, 2216–2221.
Degens, E. T., and Ross, D. A. (eds.), 1969. Hot Brines and Recent
Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea. New York: Springer.
600 pp.
Dietrich, G., Kalle, K., Krauss, W., and Siedler, G., 1975.
Allgemeine Meereskunde. Eine Einführung in die
Ozeanographie: mit 48 Tabellen, 3, 12th edn. Berlin:
Borntraeger, p. 593.
Dietz, R. S., 1961. Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor. Nature, 4779, 855–857.
Emelyanov, E. M., 2005. The Barrier Zones in the Ocean. Berlin:
Springer. 632 pp.
Emiliani, C., 1992. Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the
Evolution of Life and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 718 pp.
Ewing, M. J. L., Worzel, N. C., Steenland, F., and Press, F., 1950.
Geophysical investigations in the emerged and submerged
Atlantic coastal plain: PART V: Woods Hole, New York, and
Cape May Sections. Geological Society of America Bulletin,
61(9), 877–892, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1950)61[877:giitea]
2.0.co;2.
Fischer, G., and Wefer, G. (eds.), 1999. Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Berlin: Springer.
735 pp.
Foundation, E. S., 1987. Report of the Second Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD II), Strasbourg, France, 6–8 Jul
1987. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation, Vol. VIII.
142 pp.
Francheteau, J., Needham, H. D., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T.,
Seguret, M., Ballard, R. D., Fox, P. J., Normark, W., Carranza,
A., Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H.,
Cambon, P., and Hekinian, R., 1979. Massive deep-sea sulfide
ore-deposits discovered on the east Pacific rise. Nature, 277,
523–528.
Gold, T., 1992. The deep, hot biosphere. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 89(13), 6045–6049.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A.,
Medina-Elizalde, M., Bronk Ramsey, C., Satow, C., and
Roberts, A. P., 2012. Rapid coupling between ice volume and
polar temperature over the past 150,000 years. Nature, 491,
744–747.
446
MARINE GEOSCIENCES: A SHORT, ECCLECTIC AND WEIGHTED HISTORIC ACCOUNT