Collett, T. S., Johnson, A. H., Knapp, C. C., and Boswell, R., 2009.
Natural gas hydrates: A review. In Collett, T., Johnson, A.,
Knapp, C., and Boswell, R. (eds.), Natural gas hydrates - Energy
resource potential and associated geologic hazards: AAPG
Memoir, 89, 146–219.
Dickens, G. R., 2011. Methane release from gas hydrate systems
during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past
hyperthermal events: setting appropriate parameters for discussion. Climate of the Past Discussions, 7, 1139–1174.
Holbrook, W. S., Hoskins, H., Wood, W. T., Stephen, R. A., and
Lizarralde, D., 1996. Methane hydrate and free gas on the Blake
Ridge from vertical seismic profiling. Science, 273(5283),
1840–1843.
Hyndman, R. D., and Spence, G. D., 1992. A seismic study of methane hydrate marine bottom-simulating reflectors. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 97, 6683–6698.
Kim, J.-H., Torres, M. E., Choi, J., Bahk, J.-J., Park, M.-H., and
Hong, W. H., 2012. Inferences on gas transport based on molecular and isotopic signatures of gases at acoustic chimneys and
background sites in the Ulleung Basin. Organic Geochemistry,
43, 26–38.
Kvenvolden, K. A., 1988. Methane hydrate – a major reservoir of
carbon in the shallow geosphere? Chemical Geology, 71, 41–51.
Pape, T., Kasten, S., Zabel, M., Bahr, A., Abegg, F., Hohnberg, H.-.
J., and Bohrmann, G., 2010. Gas hydrates in shallow deposits of
the Amsterdam mud volcano, Anaximander Mountains, northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Geo-Marine Letters, 30(3–4),
187–206, doi:10.1007/s00367-010-0197-8.
Riedel, M., Willoughby, E., and Chopra, S. (eds.), 2010. Geophysical Characterization of Gas Hydrates. Tulsa: Society of Exploration Geophysicists. SEG Geophysical developments series,
Vol. 14, p. 392.
Schoderbek, D., Martin, K., Howard, J., Silpngarmlert, S., and
Hester, K., 2012. North Slope hydrate field trial: CO 2 /CH 4
exchange. In Proceedings Arctic Technology Conference,
December 3–5, 2012, Houston, TX, 17 p.
Shipley, T. H., Houston, M. H., Buffler, R. T., Shaub, F. J.,
McMillen, K. J., Ladd, J. W., and Worzel, J. L., 1979. Seismic
evidence for widespread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes and rises. AAPG Bulletin, 63, 2204–2213.
Sloan, E. D., and Koh, C. A., 2008. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural
Gases, 3rd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 752.
Stoll, R. D., Ewing, J. I., and Bryan, G. M., 1971. Anomalous wave
velocities in sediments containing gas hydrates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 2090–2094.
Suess, E., Torres, M. E., Bohrmann, G., Collier, R. W., Greinert, J.,
Linke, L., Rehder, G., Tréhu, A., Wallmann, K., Winckler, G.,
and Zuleger, E., 1999. Gas hydrate destabilization: enhanced
dewatering, benthic material turnover and large methane plumes
at the Cascadia convergent margin. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 170, 1–15.
Torres, M. E., Wallmann, K., Tréhu, A. M., Bohrmann, G.,
Borowski, W. S., and Tomaru, H., 2004. Gas hydrate growth,
methane transport, and chloride enrichment at the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia margin off Oregon. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 226, 225–241.
Torres, M. E., Tréhu, A. M., Cespedes, N., Kastner, M., Wortmann,
U. G., Kim, J.-H., Long, P., Malinverno, A., Pohlman, J. W.,
Riedel, M., and Collett, T., 2008. Methane hydrate formation
in turbidite sediments of northern Cascadia, IODP Expedition
311. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271(1–4), 170–180.
Torres, M.E., Kim, J-H., Choi, J., Ryu, J-B., Bahk, J-J., Riedel, M.,
Collett, T., Hong, W-L., and Kastner, M., 2011. Occurrence of
high salinity fluids associated with massive near-seafloor gas
hydrate deposits. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011), July 17–21, 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Tréhu, A.M., Flemings, P.B., Bangs, N.L., Chevallier, J., Gràcia, E.,
Johnson, J.E., Liu, C.-S., Liu, X., Riedel, M., and Torres, M.E.,
2004. Feeding methane vents and gas hydrate deposits at south
Hydrate Ridge. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, doi:10.1029/
2004GL021286
Cross-references
Bottom Simulating Seismic Reflectors (BSR)
Chemosynthetic Life
Cold Seeps
Marine Mineral Resources
Methane in Marine Sediments
Mud Volcano
MARINE GEOSCIENCES: A SHORT, ECCLECTIC AND
WEIGHTED HISTORIC ACCOUNT
Jörn Thiede
1,2 , Jan Harff
3
, Wolfgang H. Berger
4 and
Eugen Seibold
1
Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State
University, St. Petersburg, Russia
2
AdW Mainz c/o GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
3
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of
Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
4
Scripps Institution of Oceanography UCSD, La Jolla,
CA, USA
Synonyms
Marine geological sciences, Marine geology
Definition
Marine geosciences are covering all phenomena and processes related to the formations of shallow shelf seas and
of the deep ocean. They draw on modern dynamics of seafloor and sediment formation, marine geophysics and tectonics, volcanology, geochemistry, microbiology, biology,
and paleontology of marine organisms. They are of great
economic importance because of the wealth of nonliving
marine resources.
Introduction: why and how to study the global
seafloors
In the past, there have been very different perspectives
how scientists approached “marine geology” or as we
say today “marine geosciences”: There were those who
studied oceans, shallow seas, and their sediments as products of specific geological processes out of their own right
(often at US institutions and closely linked to oceanography), and there were those who came from investigating
ancient marine deposits on land but then turned to the
marine realm to find modern analogs and thus explanations for their fossil phenomena (as in many European
Eugen Seibold is deceased.
MARINE GEOSCIENCES: A SHORT, ECCLECTIC AND WEIGHTED HISTORIC ACCOUNT
437
Natural gas hydrates: A review. In Collett, T., Johnson, A.,
Knapp, C., and Boswell, R. (eds.), Natural gas hydrates - Energy
resource potential and associated geologic hazards: AAPG
Memoir, 89, 146–219.
Dickens, G. R., 2011. Methane release from gas hydrate systems
during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past
hyperthermal events: setting appropriate parameters for discussion. Climate of the Past Discussions, 7, 1139–1174.
Holbrook, W. S., Hoskins, H., Wood, W. T., Stephen, R. A., and
Lizarralde, D., 1996. Methane hydrate and free gas on the Blake
Ridge from vertical seismic profiling. Science, 273(5283),
1840–1843.
Hyndman, R. D., and Spence, G. D., 1992. A seismic study of methane hydrate marine bottom-simulating reflectors. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 97, 6683–6698.
Kim, J.-H., Torres, M. E., Choi, J., Bahk, J.-J., Park, M.-H., and
Hong, W. H., 2012. Inferences on gas transport based on molecular and isotopic signatures of gases at acoustic chimneys and
background sites in the Ulleung Basin. Organic Geochemistry,
43, 26–38.
Kvenvolden, K. A., 1988. Methane hydrate – a major reservoir of
carbon in the shallow geosphere? Chemical Geology, 71, 41–51.
Pape, T., Kasten, S., Zabel, M., Bahr, A., Abegg, F., Hohnberg, H.-.
J., and Bohrmann, G., 2010. Gas hydrates in shallow deposits of
the Amsterdam mud volcano, Anaximander Mountains, northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Geo-Marine Letters, 30(3–4),
187–206, doi:10.1007/s00367-010-0197-8.
Riedel, M., Willoughby, E., and Chopra, S. (eds.), 2010. Geophysical Characterization of Gas Hydrates. Tulsa: Society of Exploration Geophysicists. SEG Geophysical developments series,
Vol. 14, p. 392.
Schoderbek, D., Martin, K., Howard, J., Silpngarmlert, S., and
Hester, K., 2012. North Slope hydrate field trial: CO 2 /CH 4
exchange. In Proceedings Arctic Technology Conference,
December 3–5, 2012, Houston, TX, 17 p.
Shipley, T. H., Houston, M. H., Buffler, R. T., Shaub, F. J.,
McMillen, K. J., Ladd, J. W., and Worzel, J. L., 1979. Seismic
evidence for widespread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes and rises. AAPG Bulletin, 63, 2204–2213.
Sloan, E. D., and Koh, C. A., 2008. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural
Gases, 3rd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 752.
Stoll, R. D., Ewing, J. I., and Bryan, G. M., 1971. Anomalous wave
velocities in sediments containing gas hydrates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76, 2090–2094.
Suess, E., Torres, M. E., Bohrmann, G., Collier, R. W., Greinert, J.,
Linke, L., Rehder, G., Tréhu, A., Wallmann, K., Winckler, G.,
and Zuleger, E., 1999. Gas hydrate destabilization: enhanced
dewatering, benthic material turnover and large methane plumes
at the Cascadia convergent margin. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 170, 1–15.
Torres, M. E., Wallmann, K., Tréhu, A. M., Bohrmann, G.,
Borowski, W. S., and Tomaru, H., 2004. Gas hydrate growth,
methane transport, and chloride enrichment at the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia margin off Oregon. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 226, 225–241.
Torres, M. E., Tréhu, A. M., Cespedes, N., Kastner, M., Wortmann,
U. G., Kim, J.-H., Long, P., Malinverno, A., Pohlman, J. W.,
Riedel, M., and Collett, T., 2008. Methane hydrate formation
in turbidite sediments of northern Cascadia, IODP Expedition
311. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271(1–4), 170–180.
Torres, M.E., Kim, J-H., Choi, J., Ryu, J-B., Bahk, J-J., Riedel, M.,
Collett, T., Hong, W-L., and Kastner, M., 2011. Occurrence of
high salinity fluids associated with massive near-seafloor gas
hydrate deposits. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2011), July 17–21, 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Tréhu, A.M., Flemings, P.B., Bangs, N.L., Chevallier, J., Gràcia, E.,
Johnson, J.E., Liu, C.-S., Liu, X., Riedel, M., and Torres, M.E.,
2004. Feeding methane vents and gas hydrate deposits at south
Hydrate Ridge. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, doi:10.1029/
2004GL021286
Cross-references
Bottom Simulating Seismic Reflectors (BSR)
Chemosynthetic Life
Cold Seeps
Marine Mineral Resources
Methane in Marine Sediments
Mud Volcano
MARINE GEOSCIENCES: A SHORT, ECCLECTIC AND
WEIGHTED HISTORIC ACCOUNT
Jörn Thiede
1,2 , Jan Harff
3
, Wolfgang H. Berger
4 and
Eugen Seibold
1
Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State
University, St. Petersburg, Russia
2
AdW Mainz c/o GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
3
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of
Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
4
Scripps Institution of Oceanography UCSD, La Jolla,
CA, USA
Synonyms
Marine geological sciences, Marine geology
Definition
Marine geosciences are covering all phenomena and processes related to the formations of shallow shelf seas and
of the deep ocean. They draw on modern dynamics of seafloor and sediment formation, marine geophysics and tectonics, volcanology, geochemistry, microbiology, biology,
and paleontology of marine organisms. They are of great
economic importance because of the wealth of nonliving
marine resources.
Introduction: why and how to study the global
seafloors
In the past, there have been very different perspectives
how scientists approached “marine geology” or as we
say today “marine geosciences”: There were those who
studied oceans, shallow seas, and their sediments as products of specific geological processes out of their own right
(often at US institutions and closely linked to oceanography), and there were those who came from investigating
ancient marine deposits on land but then turned to the
marine realm to find modern analogs and thus explanations for their fossil phenomena (as in many European
Eugen Seibold is deceased.
MARINE GEOSCIENCES: A SHORT, ECCLECTIC AND WEIGHTED HISTORIC ACCOUNT
437