much richer in silica than mantle melting yields. Because
of the combination of high silica and water contents, arc
volcanic eruptions are the most violent on Earth. Fortunately silica-rich arc magmas often stall in the crust, where
they cool and form granitic plutons. Subterranean alignments of plutons in the crust beneath volcanic arcs define
batholiths, which may be exposed after subduction stops
and the volcanic cover is removed by erosion. Convergent
margin igneous activity over Earth history is responsible
for forming most continental crust and economic ore
deposits.
Bibliography
Allen, S. R., and McPhie, J., 2009. Products of neptunian eruptions.
Geology, 37, 639–642.
Annen, C., Blundy, J. D., and Sparks, R. S. J., 2006. Genesis of
intermediate and Silicic Magmas in deep crustal hot zones. Journal of Petroleum, 47, 505–539.
AWST, 1990. Volcanic ash cloud shuts down all four engines of
Boeing 747–400, causes $80 million in damage. Aviation Week
and Space Technology 93, 1 January, 1990.
Baker, E. T., Embley, R. W., Walker, S. L., Resing, J. A., Lupton,
J. E., Nakamura, K.-I., de Ronde, C. E. J., and Massoth, G. J.,
2008. Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the
Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B08S09,
doi:10.1029/2007JB005423.
Carey, R. J., Wysoczanski, R., Wunderman, R., and Jutzeler, M.,
2014. Discovery of the largest historic silicic submarine eruption. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 95(19),
157–159.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Cashman, K. V., Embley, R. W., Matsumoto,
H., Dziak, R. P., de Ronde, C. E. J., Lau, T. K., Deardorff, N. D.,
and Merle, S. G., 2008. Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1 volcano,
Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, 0810,
doi:10.1029/2007JB005215.
de Ronde and 18 others, 2011. Submarine hydrothermal activity and
gold-rich mineralization at Brothers Volcano, Kermadec Arc,
New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 541–584.
de Ronde, C. E. J., Hannington, M. D., Stoffers, P., Wright, I. C.,
Ditchburn, R. G., Reyes, A. G., Baker, E. T., Massoth, G. J.,
Lupton, J. E., Walker, S. L., Greene, R. R., Soong, C. W. R.,
Ishibashi, J., Lebon, G. T., Bray, C. J., and Resing, J. A., 2005.
Evolution of a submarine magmatic-hydrothermal system:
brothers Volcano, Southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand. Economic Geology, 100, 1097–1133.
de Ronde, C. E. J., Massoth, G.J., Baker, E. T., and Lupton, J.E.,
2003. Submarine hydrothermal venting related to volcanic arcs.
Society of Economic Geologists. Special publication number,
10, pp. 91–110.
Drummond, M.S. and M.J. Defant, 1990. A Model for
trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crystal growth via slab
melting: Archean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 (B13), 21503–21521
Embley, R. W., Baker, E. T., Butterfield, D. A., Chadwick, W. W.,
Lupton, J. E., Resing, J. A., de Ronde, C. E. J., Nakamura, K.,
Tunnicliffe, V., Dower, J. F., and Merle, S. G., 2007. Exploring
the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc–Western
Pacific. Oceanography, 20, 68–79.
Fiske, R. S., Naka, J., Iizasa, K., Yuasa, M., and Klaus, A., 2001.
Submarine silicic caldera at the front of the Izu-Bonin arc, Japan:
voluminous seafloor eruptions of rhyolite pumice. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 113, 813–824.
Grove, T. L., Till, C. B., and Krawczynski, M. J., 2012. The role of
H 2 O in subduction zone magmatism. Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, 40, 413–439.
Hannington, M.D., de Ronde, C.D., and Petersen, S., 2005.
Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In:
Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. In Hedenquist,
J. W., Thompson, J. F. H., Goldfarb, R. J. and Richards, J. P.
(eds.), Society of Economic Geologists, Littelton, Colorado,
USA pp. 111–141.
Kessler, S. E., 1997. Metallogenic evolution of convergent
margins: selected deposit models. Ore Geology Reviews, 12,
153–171.
Kim, J., Lee, K.-Y., and Kim, J.-H., 2011. Metal-bearing molten sulfur collected from a submarine volcano: implications for vapor
transport of metals in seafloor hydrothermal systems. Geology,
39, 351–354.
Kimura, J., Hacker, B. R., van Keken, P. E., Kawabata, H., Yoshida,
T., and Stern, R. J., 2009. Arc Basalt Simulator version 2, a simulation for slab dehydration and fluid-fluxed mantle melting for
arc basalts: modeling scheme and application. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, Q09004, doi:10.1029/
2008GC002217.
Lallemand, S., 1999. La Subduction Oceanique. Newark: Gordon
and Breach.
Lydon, J. W., 2007. An overview of the economic and geological
contexts of Canada’s major mineral deposit types. In
Goodfellow, W. D. (ed.), Mineral deposits of Canada a synthesis
of major deposit-types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods. St. John’s, Newfoundland: Geological Association of Canada Mineral Deposits
Division, pp. 3–48.
Nakajima, J., Takei, Y., and Hasegawa, A., 2005. Quantitative analysis of the inclined low-velocity zone in the mantle wedge of
northern Japan: a systematic change of melt-filled pore shapes
with depth and its implications for melt migration, Earth Planet.
Science Letters, 234, 59–70.
Newhall, C., and Self, S., 1982. The volcanic explosivity index
(VEI): an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 87(C2),
1231–1238.
Plank, T., Kelley, K. A., Zimmer, M. M., Hauri, E. H., and Wallace,
P. J., 2013. Why do mafic magmas contain ~4wt% water on average? Earth Planet. Science Letters, 364, 168–179.
Resing, J. A., Rubin, K. H., Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Baker,
E. T., Dziak, R. P., Baumberger, T., Lilley, M. D., Huber, J. A.,
Shank, T. M., Butterfield, D. A., Clague, D. A., Keller, N. S.,
Merle, S. G., Buck, N. J., Michael, P. J., Soule, A., Caress,
D. W., Walker, S. L., Davis, R., Cowen, J. P., Reysenbach,
A.-L., and Thomas, H., 2011. Active submarine eruption of
boninite in the northeastern Lau Basin. Nature Geoscience,
4, 799–806, doi:10.1038/ngeo1275.
Robock, A., 2000. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 191–219.
Roggensack, K., Hervig, R. L., McKnight, S. B., and Williams,
S. N., 1997. Explosive basaltic volcanism from Cerro Negro Volcano: influence of volatiles on eruptive style. Science, 277,
1639–1642.
Sharma, K., Blake, S., Self, S., and Krueger, A. J., 2004. SO 2 emissions from basaltic eruptions, and the excess sulfur issue. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L13612, doi:10.1029/
2004GL01968.
Sillitoe, R. H., 1997. Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circumPacific region. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44,
373–388.
Smith, I.E.M., Worthington, T.J. Stewart, R.B., Price, R.C., and
Gamble, J.A. 2003. Felsic volcanism in the Kermadec arc, SW
406
MAGMATISM AT CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
of the combination of high silica and water contents, arc
volcanic eruptions are the most violent on Earth. Fortunately silica-rich arc magmas often stall in the crust, where
they cool and form granitic plutons. Subterranean alignments of plutons in the crust beneath volcanic arcs define
batholiths, which may be exposed after subduction stops
and the volcanic cover is removed by erosion. Convergent
margin igneous activity over Earth history is responsible
for forming most continental crust and economic ore
deposits.
Bibliography
Allen, S. R., and McPhie, J., 2009. Products of neptunian eruptions.
Geology, 37, 639–642.
Annen, C., Blundy, J. D., and Sparks, R. S. J., 2006. Genesis of
intermediate and Silicic Magmas in deep crustal hot zones. Journal of Petroleum, 47, 505–539.
AWST, 1990. Volcanic ash cloud shuts down all four engines of
Boeing 747–400, causes $80 million in damage. Aviation Week
and Space Technology 93, 1 January, 1990.
Baker, E. T., Embley, R. W., Walker, S. L., Resing, J. A., Lupton,
J. E., Nakamura, K.-I., de Ronde, C. E. J., and Massoth, G. J.,
2008. Hydrothermal activity and volcano distribution along the
Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B08S09,
doi:10.1029/2007JB005423.
Carey, R. J., Wysoczanski, R., Wunderman, R., and Jutzeler, M.,
2014. Discovery of the largest historic silicic submarine eruption. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 95(19),
157–159.
Chadwick, W. W., Jr., Cashman, K. V., Embley, R. W., Matsumoto,
H., Dziak, R. P., de Ronde, C. E. J., Lau, T. K., Deardorff, N. D.,
and Merle, S. G., 2008. Direct video and hydrophone observations of submarine explosive eruptions at NW Rota-1 volcano,
Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, 0810,
doi:10.1029/2007JB005215.
de Ronde and 18 others, 2011. Submarine hydrothermal activity and
gold-rich mineralization at Brothers Volcano, Kermadec Arc,
New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 541–584.
de Ronde, C. E. J., Hannington, M. D., Stoffers, P., Wright, I. C.,
Ditchburn, R. G., Reyes, A. G., Baker, E. T., Massoth, G. J.,
Lupton, J. E., Walker, S. L., Greene, R. R., Soong, C. W. R.,
Ishibashi, J., Lebon, G. T., Bray, C. J., and Resing, J. A., 2005.
Evolution of a submarine magmatic-hydrothermal system:
brothers Volcano, Southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand. Economic Geology, 100, 1097–1133.
de Ronde, C. E. J., Massoth, G.J., Baker, E. T., and Lupton, J.E.,
2003. Submarine hydrothermal venting related to volcanic arcs.
Society of Economic Geologists. Special publication number,
10, pp. 91–110.
Drummond, M.S. and M.J. Defant, 1990. A Model for
trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crystal growth via slab
melting: Archean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 (B13), 21503–21521
Embley, R. W., Baker, E. T., Butterfield, D. A., Chadwick, W. W.,
Lupton, J. E., Resing, J. A., de Ronde, C. E. J., Nakamura, K.,
Tunnicliffe, V., Dower, J. F., and Merle, S. G., 2007. Exploring
the submarine ring of fire: Mariana Arc–Western
Pacific. Oceanography, 20, 68–79.
Fiske, R. S., Naka, J., Iizasa, K., Yuasa, M., and Klaus, A., 2001.
Submarine silicic caldera at the front of the Izu-Bonin arc, Japan:
voluminous seafloor eruptions of rhyolite pumice. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 113, 813–824.
Grove, T. L., Till, C. B., and Krawczynski, M. J., 2012. The role of
H 2 O in subduction zone magmatism. Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, 40, 413–439.
Hannington, M.D., de Ronde, C.D., and Petersen, S., 2005.
Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In:
Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. In Hedenquist,
J. W., Thompson, J. F. H., Goldfarb, R. J. and Richards, J. P.
(eds.), Society of Economic Geologists, Littelton, Colorado,
USA pp. 111–141.
Kessler, S. E., 1997. Metallogenic evolution of convergent
margins: selected deposit models. Ore Geology Reviews, 12,
153–171.
Kim, J., Lee, K.-Y., and Kim, J.-H., 2011. Metal-bearing molten sulfur collected from a submarine volcano: implications for vapor
transport of metals in seafloor hydrothermal systems. Geology,
39, 351–354.
Kimura, J., Hacker, B. R., van Keken, P. E., Kawabata, H., Yoshida,
T., and Stern, R. J., 2009. Arc Basalt Simulator version 2, a simulation for slab dehydration and fluid-fluxed mantle melting for
arc basalts: modeling scheme and application. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, Q09004, doi:10.1029/
2008GC002217.
Lallemand, S., 1999. La Subduction Oceanique. Newark: Gordon
and Breach.
Lydon, J. W., 2007. An overview of the economic and geological
contexts of Canada’s major mineral deposit types. In
Goodfellow, W. D. (ed.), Mineral deposits of Canada a synthesis
of major deposit-types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods. St. John’s, Newfoundland: Geological Association of Canada Mineral Deposits
Division, pp. 3–48.
Nakajima, J., Takei, Y., and Hasegawa, A., 2005. Quantitative analysis of the inclined low-velocity zone in the mantle wedge of
northern Japan: a systematic change of melt-filled pore shapes
with depth and its implications for melt migration, Earth Planet.
Science Letters, 234, 59–70.
Newhall, C., and Self, S., 1982. The volcanic explosivity index
(VEI): an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 87(C2),
1231–1238.
Plank, T., Kelley, K. A., Zimmer, M. M., Hauri, E. H., and Wallace,
P. J., 2013. Why do mafic magmas contain ~4wt% water on average? Earth Planet. Science Letters, 364, 168–179.
Resing, J. A., Rubin, K. H., Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Baker,
E. T., Dziak, R. P., Baumberger, T., Lilley, M. D., Huber, J. A.,
Shank, T. M., Butterfield, D. A., Clague, D. A., Keller, N. S.,
Merle, S. G., Buck, N. J., Michael, P. J., Soule, A., Caress,
D. W., Walker, S. L., Davis, R., Cowen, J. P., Reysenbach,
A.-L., and Thomas, H., 2011. Active submarine eruption of
boninite in the northeastern Lau Basin. Nature Geoscience,
4, 799–806, doi:10.1038/ngeo1275.
Robock, A., 2000. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 191–219.
Roggensack, K., Hervig, R. L., McKnight, S. B., and Williams,
S. N., 1997. Explosive basaltic volcanism from Cerro Negro Volcano: influence of volatiles on eruptive style. Science, 277,
1639–1642.
Sharma, K., Blake, S., Self, S., and Krueger, A. J., 2004. SO 2 emissions from basaltic eruptions, and the excess sulfur issue. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L13612, doi:10.1029/
2004GL01968.
Sillitoe, R. H., 1997. Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and epithermal gold deposits in the circumPacific region. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44,
373–388.
Smith, I.E.M., Worthington, T.J. Stewart, R.B., Price, R.C., and
Gamble, J.A. 2003. Felsic volcanism in the Kermadec arc, SW
406
MAGMATISM AT CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES