Coastal Zone Management in Europe. In Moksness, E., Dahl, E.,
and Støttrup, J. (eds.), Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Rochette, J., and Billé, R., 2012. ICZM protocols to regional seas
conventions: what? why? how? Marine Policy, 36(5), 977–984.
Sorensen, J., 1997. National and international efforts at integrated
coastal management: definitions, achievements, and lessons.
Coastal Management, 25(1), 3–41.
Salomons, W., Turner, R. K., Lacerda, L. D. de, and Ramachandran,
S. (eds.) 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Springer Series: Environmental Science and Engineering Subseries: Environmental Science, XVIII. New York:
Springer Publ.
Shipman, B., and Stojanovic, T., 2007. Facts, fictions, and failures
of integrated coastal zone management in Europe. Coastal Management, 35(2–3), 375–398.
Shipman, B., 2012. ICZM2.0 – A New ICZM for an Era of Uncertainty. VLIZ Special Publication, 61, p. 11.
Smith, H. D., Maes, F., Stojanovic, T. A., and Ballinger, R. C., 2011.
The integration of land and marine spatial planning. Journal of
Coastal Conservation, 15, 291–303.
SUSTAIN Partnership. 2012. Measuring coastal sustainability.
A guide for the self-assessment of sustainability using indicators
and a means of scoring them. http://www.sustain-eu.net/
what_are_we_doing/measuring_coastal_sustainability.pdf
Turner, R. K., 2000. Integrating natural and socio-economic science
in coastal management. Journal of Marine Systems, 25(3–4),
447–460.
Wallis, A. M., 2006. Sustainability indicators: is there consensus
among stakeholders? International Journal of Environment
and Sustainable Development, 5(3), 287–296.
Cross-references
Beach Processes
Coastal Bio-geochemical Cycles
Coastal Engineering
Coasts
Dunes
Engineered Coasts
Fjords
Lagoons
Mangrove Coasts
Sediment Dynamics
Wadden Sea
INTERNATIONAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE
ARCTIC OCEAN (IBCAO)
Martin Jakobsson
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden
Definition
The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean
(IBCAO). Mapping project focused on assembling and
compiling all available depth information from the Arctic
Ocean to portray the shape of its seafloor.
Introduction
IBCAO was initiated as a bathymetric mapping project in
St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1997 (Macnab and Grikurov,
1997). The goal was to develop a digital database
containing all available bathymetric data north of 64
N
and from this compile a bathymetric map and digital
bathymetric model (DBM) representing the shape of the
Arctic seafloor. DBM is a digital terrain model (DTM)
representing the bathymetry of the seafloor. The most
common format of a DBM is a regular grid with defined
cell spacing. Each grid cell is represented by a bathymetric
value, i.e., a depth. IBCAO builds on the volunteer efforts
of investigators and data contributions from countries that
carry out mapping in the Arctic Ocean. An established editorial board comprises its main organizational structure.
The activity has been endorsed by the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), and the General
Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). IBCAO
products are available for download from http://www.
ibcao.org/.
IBCAO digital bathymetric models
The first IBCAO compilation was released to the public in
2000 (Jakobsson et al., 2000). This “beta version”
consisted of a DBM with grid cell spacing of 2.5 Â
2.5 km on a polar stereographic projection. After feedback
from the Arctic research community resulting in corrections of artifacts and incorporation of additional data, Version 1 was completed and released in 2001 (Jakobsson and
IBCAO Editorial Board Members, 2001).
In 2008, a finer grid spacing of 2 Â 2 km was
implemented in Version 2.0 when several large multibeam
surveys became available (Jakobsson et al., 2008). The
subsequent Version 3.0, completed in 2012, represents
the largest improvement so far taking advantage of new
data sets collected by Arctic nations to substantiate an
extension of the continental shelf under the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Article 76, opportunistic data collected from fishing vessels, and data acquired from submarines and from research
ships of various nations (Jakobsson et al., 2012). Version
3.0 has grid spacing of 500 Â 500 m, and the area covered
by multibeam surveys has increased from ~6 % in Version
2.0 to ~11 % in Version 3.0. A shaded relief map and a 3D
portrayal based on Version 3.0 are shown in Figure 1.
Compilation of the IBCAO DBM is based on gridding
the bathymetric database with the algorithm continuous
curvature splines in tension (Smith and Wessel, 1990)
available in the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) (Wessel
and Smith, 1991). Soundings always have the priority in
the gridding procedure before isobaths digitized from
published maps. Compilation of Version 3.0 involved an
additional final gridding step where data with a spatial
INTERNATIONAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN (IBCAO)
365
and Støttrup, J. (eds.), Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Rochette, J., and Billé, R., 2012. ICZM protocols to regional seas
conventions: what? why? how? Marine Policy, 36(5), 977–984.
Sorensen, J., 1997. National and international efforts at integrated
coastal management: definitions, achievements, and lessons.
Coastal Management, 25(1), 3–41.
Salomons, W., Turner, R. K., Lacerda, L. D. de, and Ramachandran,
S. (eds.) 1999. Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Springer Series: Environmental Science and Engineering Subseries: Environmental Science, XVIII. New York:
Springer Publ.
Shipman, B., and Stojanovic, T., 2007. Facts, fictions, and failures
of integrated coastal zone management in Europe. Coastal Management, 35(2–3), 375–398.
Shipman, B., 2012. ICZM2.0 – A New ICZM for an Era of Uncertainty. VLIZ Special Publication, 61, p. 11.
Smith, H. D., Maes, F., Stojanovic, T. A., and Ballinger, R. C., 2011.
The integration of land and marine spatial planning. Journal of
Coastal Conservation, 15, 291–303.
SUSTAIN Partnership. 2012. Measuring coastal sustainability.
A guide for the self-assessment of sustainability using indicators
and a means of scoring them. http://www.sustain-eu.net/
what_are_we_doing/measuring_coastal_sustainability.pdf
Turner, R. K., 2000. Integrating natural and socio-economic science
in coastal management. Journal of Marine Systems, 25(3–4),
447–460.
Wallis, A. M., 2006. Sustainability indicators: is there consensus
among stakeholders? International Journal of Environment
and Sustainable Development, 5(3), 287–296.
Cross-references
Beach Processes
Coastal Bio-geochemical Cycles
Coastal Engineering
Coasts
Dunes
Engineered Coasts
Fjords
Lagoons
Mangrove Coasts
Sediment Dynamics
Wadden Sea
INTERNATIONAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE
ARCTIC OCEAN (IBCAO)
Martin Jakobsson
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden
Definition
The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean
(IBCAO). Mapping project focused on assembling and
compiling all available depth information from the Arctic
Ocean to portray the shape of its seafloor.
Introduction
IBCAO was initiated as a bathymetric mapping project in
St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1997 (Macnab and Grikurov,
1997). The goal was to develop a digital database
containing all available bathymetric data north of 64
N
and from this compile a bathymetric map and digital
bathymetric model (DBM) representing the shape of the
Arctic seafloor. DBM is a digital terrain model (DTM)
representing the bathymetry of the seafloor. The most
common format of a DBM is a regular grid with defined
cell spacing. Each grid cell is represented by a bathymetric
value, i.e., a depth. IBCAO builds on the volunteer efforts
of investigators and data contributions from countries that
carry out mapping in the Arctic Ocean. An established editorial board comprises its main organizational structure.
The activity has been endorsed by the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), and the General
Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). IBCAO
products are available for download from http://www.
ibcao.org/.
IBCAO digital bathymetric models
The first IBCAO compilation was released to the public in
2000 (Jakobsson et al., 2000). This “beta version”
consisted of a DBM with grid cell spacing of 2.5 Â
2.5 km on a polar stereographic projection. After feedback
from the Arctic research community resulting in corrections of artifacts and incorporation of additional data, Version 1 was completed and released in 2001 (Jakobsson and
IBCAO Editorial Board Members, 2001).
In 2008, a finer grid spacing of 2 Â 2 km was
implemented in Version 2.0 when several large multibeam
surveys became available (Jakobsson et al., 2008). The
subsequent Version 3.0, completed in 2012, represents
the largest improvement so far taking advantage of new
data sets collected by Arctic nations to substantiate an
extension of the continental shelf under the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Article 76, opportunistic data collected from fishing vessels, and data acquired from submarines and from research
ships of various nations (Jakobsson et al., 2012). Version
3.0 has grid spacing of 500 Â 500 m, and the area covered
by multibeam surveys has increased from ~6 % in Version
2.0 to ~11 % in Version 3.0. A shaded relief map and a 3D
portrayal based on Version 3.0 are shown in Figure 1.
Compilation of the IBCAO DBM is based on gridding
the bathymetric database with the algorithm continuous
curvature splines in tension (Smith and Wessel, 1990)
available in the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) (Wessel
and Smith, 1991). Soundings always have the priority in
the gridding procedure before isobaths digitized from
published maps. Compilation of Version 3.0 involved an
additional final gridding step where data with a spatial
INTERNATIONAL BATHYMETRIC CHART OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN (IBCAO)
365