still not fully understood. It can be expected that each
expedition discovering new hydrothermal vent systems
will broaden our view on the diversity of hydrothermal
vent fluids and help understand their relevance for the
exchange of heat and material between the oceanic crust
and the ocean.
Bibliography
Baker, E. T., 2007. Hydrothermal cooling of midocean ridge axes:
do measured and modeled heat fluxes agree? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 263, 140–150.
Baker, E. T., Massoth, G. J., Feely, R. A., and Cannon, G. A., 1998.
The rise and fall of the CoAxial hydrothermal site, 1993–1996.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(B5), 9791–9806.
Beaulieu, S. E., 2010. InterRidge Global Database of Active Submarine Hydrothermal Vent Fields, Version 2.0: http://www.
interridge.org/irvents. July 2011.
Bischoff, J. L., and Rosenbauer, R. J., 1985. An empirical equation
of state for hydrothermal seawater (3.2 percent NaCl). American
Journal of Science, 285, 725–763.
Butterfield, D. A., Jonasson, I. R., Massoth, G. J., Feely, R. A., Roe,
K. K., Embley, R. E., Holden, J. F., McDuff, R. E., Lilley, M. D.,
and Delaney, J. R., 1997. Seafloor eruptions and evolution of
hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London, A355, 369–386.
Charlou, J. L., Donval, J. P., Fouquet, Y., Jean-Baptiste, P., and
Holm, N., 2002. Geochemistry of high H 2 and CH 4 vent fluids
issuing from ultramafic rocks at the Rainbow hydrothermal field
(36
14
0 N, MAR). Chemical Geology, 191, 345–359.
Connelly, D. P., et al., 2011. Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world’s deepest seafloor spreading centre.
Nature Communications, 3, doi:10.1038/ncomms1636.
Corliss, J. B., et al., 1979. Submarine thermal springs on the
Galapagos Rift. Science, 203, 1073–1083.
De Ronde, C. E. J., et al., 2011. Submarine hydrothermal activity
and gold-rich mineralization at Brothers Volcano, Kermadec
Arc, New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 541–584.
Edmond, J. M., Measures, C. I., McDuff, R. E., Chan, L. H., Collier,
R., Grant, B., Gordon, L. I., and Corliss, J. B., 1979. Ridge-crest
hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor
elements in the ocean: the Galapagos data. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 46, 1–18.
Edmonds, H. N., 2010. Chemical signatures from hydrothermal
venting on slow spreading ridges. In Rona, P. A., Devey,
C. W., Dyment, J., and Murton, B. J. (eds.), Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges. Washington,
DC: American Geopysical Union. Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 188.
Elderfield, H., and Schultz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes ad the chemical composition of the ocean. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 24, 191–224.
Gamo, T., Ishibashi, J., Tsunogai, U., Okamura, K., and Chiba, H.,
2006. Unique geochemistry of submarine hydrothermal fluids
from arc–back-arc settings of the western Pacific. In Christie,
D. M., Fisher, C. R., Lee, S.-M., and Givens, S. (eds.), BackArc Spreading Systems: Geological, Biological, Chemical, and
Physical Interactions. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union. AGU Monograph, Vol. 166, pp. 147–161.
German, C. R., and Seyfried, W. E., Jr., 2014. Hydrothermal processes. In Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford, Elsevier,
Vol. 8, pp. 191–233.
German, C. R., Campbell, A. C., and Edmond, J. M., 1997. Hydrothermal scavenging at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: modification of
trace element dissolved fluxes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 107, 101–114.
Hannington, M. D., de Ronde, C. D., and Petersen, S., 2005.
Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology, 100, 111–141.
Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S., and
Beaulieu, S., 2011. The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide
deposits. Geology, 39, 1155–1158.
Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., and Conrad, T. A., 2013.
Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for
high- and green-technology applications: comparison with
land-based resources. Ore Geology Reviews, 51, 1–14.
Kadko, D., Baross, J., and Alt, J., 1995. The magnitude and global
implications of hydrothermal flux. In Humphris, S. E.,
Zierenberg, R. A., Mullineaux, L. S., and Thomson, R. E.
(eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical,
Biological, and Geological Interactions. Washington, DC:
American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 91, pp. 446–466.
Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Blackman, D. K., Fruh-Green, G. L.,
Butterfield, D. A., Lilley, M. D., Olson, E. J., Schrenk, M. O.,
Roe, K. K., Lebon, G. T., Rivizzigno, P., and The AT3–60 Shipboard Party, 2001. An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30
N. Nature, 412, 145–149.
Kelley, D., et al., 2005. A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: the Lost
City hydrothermal field. Science, 307, 1428–1434.
Koschinsky, A., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Sander, S., Schmidt, K.,
Gennerich, H. H., and Strauß, H., 2008. Hydrothermal venting
at pressure-temperature conditions above the critical point of
seawater, 5
S on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geology, 36, 615–618.
Martin, W., Baross, J., Kelley, D., and Russel, M. J., 2008. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 6, 805–814.
Reeves, E. P., Seewald, J. S., Saccocia, P., Bach, W., Craddock,
P. R., Shanks, W. C., Sylva, S. P., Walsh, E., Pichler, T., and
Rosner, M., 2011. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from
the PACMANUS, northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 1088–1123.
Sander, S., and Koschinsky, A., 2011. Metal flux from hydrothermal
vents increased by organic complexation. Nature Geoscience,
4, 145–150.
Schmidt, K., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Koschinsky, A., Strauss, H.,
Jost, C. L., Klevenz, V., and Königer, P., 2011. Fluid elemental
and stable isotope composition of the Nibelungen hydrothermal
field (8
18
0 S, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): constraints on fluid–rock
interaction in heterogeneous lithosphere. Chemical Geology,
280, 1–18.
Spiess, F. N., et al., 1980. East Pacific Rise: hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science, 207, 1421–1433.
Tagliabue, A., et al., 2010. Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic
dissolved iron inventory. Nature Geoscience, 3, 252–256.
Tunnicliffe, V., 1992. The nature and origin of the modern hydrothermal vent fauna. Palaios, 7, 338–350.
Van Dover, C. L., 2000. The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal
Vents. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 424.
Vance, S., Harnmeijer, J., Kimura, J., Hussmann, H., Demartin, B.,
and Brown, M., 2007. Hydrothermal systems in small ocean
planets. Astrobiology, 7, 987–1005.
Von Damm, K. L., 1995. Controls on the chemistry and temporal
variability of seafloor hydrothermal fluids. In Humphris, S. E.,
Zierenberg, R. A., Mullineaux, L. S., and Thomson, R. E.
(eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical,
Biological, and Geological Interactions. Washington, DC:
American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 91, pp. 222–247.
Von Damm, K. L., Buttermore, L. G., Oosting, S. E., Bray, A. M.,
Fornari, D. J., Lilley, M. D., and Shanks, W. C., III, 1997. Direct
observation of the evolution of a seafloor black smoker from
HYDROTHERMAL VENT FLUIDS (SEAFLOOR)
343
expedition discovering new hydrothermal vent systems
will broaden our view on the diversity of hydrothermal
vent fluids and help understand their relevance for the
exchange of heat and material between the oceanic crust
and the ocean.
Bibliography
Baker, E. T., 2007. Hydrothermal cooling of midocean ridge axes:
do measured and modeled heat fluxes agree? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 263, 140–150.
Baker, E. T., Massoth, G. J., Feely, R. A., and Cannon, G. A., 1998.
The rise and fall of the CoAxial hydrothermal site, 1993–1996.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(B5), 9791–9806.
Beaulieu, S. E., 2010. InterRidge Global Database of Active Submarine Hydrothermal Vent Fields, Version 2.0: http://www.
interridge.org/irvents. July 2011.
Bischoff, J. L., and Rosenbauer, R. J., 1985. An empirical equation
of state for hydrothermal seawater (3.2 percent NaCl). American
Journal of Science, 285, 725–763.
Butterfield, D. A., Jonasson, I. R., Massoth, G. J., Feely, R. A., Roe,
K. K., Embley, R. E., Holden, J. F., McDuff, R. E., Lilley, M. D.,
and Delaney, J. R., 1997. Seafloor eruptions and evolution of
hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London, A355, 369–386.
Charlou, J. L., Donval, J. P., Fouquet, Y., Jean-Baptiste, P., and
Holm, N., 2002. Geochemistry of high H 2 and CH 4 vent fluids
issuing from ultramafic rocks at the Rainbow hydrothermal field
(36
14
0 N, MAR). Chemical Geology, 191, 345–359.
Connelly, D. P., et al., 2011. Hydrothermal vent fields and chemosynthetic biota on the world’s deepest seafloor spreading centre.
Nature Communications, 3, doi:10.1038/ncomms1636.
Corliss, J. B., et al., 1979. Submarine thermal springs on the
Galapagos Rift. Science, 203, 1073–1083.
De Ronde, C. E. J., et al., 2011. Submarine hydrothermal activity
and gold-rich mineralization at Brothers Volcano, Kermadec
Arc, New Zealand. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 541–584.
Edmond, J. M., Measures, C. I., McDuff, R. E., Chan, L. H., Collier,
R., Grant, B., Gordon, L. I., and Corliss, J. B., 1979. Ridge-crest
hydrothermal activity and the balances of the major and minor
elements in the ocean: the Galapagos data. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 46, 1–18.
Edmonds, H. N., 2010. Chemical signatures from hydrothermal
venting on slow spreading ridges. In Rona, P. A., Devey,
C. W., Dyment, J., and Murton, B. J. (eds.), Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges. Washington,
DC: American Geopysical Union. Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 188.
Elderfield, H., and Schultz, A., 1996. Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes ad the chemical composition of the ocean. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 24, 191–224.
Gamo, T., Ishibashi, J., Tsunogai, U., Okamura, K., and Chiba, H.,
2006. Unique geochemistry of submarine hydrothermal fluids
from arc–back-arc settings of the western Pacific. In Christie,
D. M., Fisher, C. R., Lee, S.-M., and Givens, S. (eds.), BackArc Spreading Systems: Geological, Biological, Chemical, and
Physical Interactions. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union. AGU Monograph, Vol. 166, pp. 147–161.
German, C. R., and Seyfried, W. E., Jr., 2014. Hydrothermal processes. In Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford, Elsevier,
Vol. 8, pp. 191–233.
German, C. R., Campbell, A. C., and Edmond, J. M., 1997. Hydrothermal scavenging at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: modification of
trace element dissolved fluxes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 107, 101–114.
Hannington, M. D., de Ronde, C. D., and Petersen, S., 2005.
Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology, 100, 111–141.
Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S., and
Beaulieu, S., 2011. The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide
deposits. Geology, 39, 1155–1158.
Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., and Conrad, T. A., 2013.
Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for
high- and green-technology applications: comparison with
land-based resources. Ore Geology Reviews, 51, 1–14.
Kadko, D., Baross, J., and Alt, J., 1995. The magnitude and global
implications of hydrothermal flux. In Humphris, S. E.,
Zierenberg, R. A., Mullineaux, L. S., and Thomson, R. E.
(eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical,
Biological, and Geological Interactions. Washington, DC:
American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 91, pp. 446–466.
Kelley, D. S., Karson, J. A., Blackman, D. K., Fruh-Green, G. L.,
Butterfield, D. A., Lilley, M. D., Olson, E. J., Schrenk, M. O.,
Roe, K. K., Lebon, G. T., Rivizzigno, P., and The AT3–60 Shipboard Party, 2001. An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30
N. Nature, 412, 145–149.
Kelley, D., et al., 2005. A serpentinite-hosted ecosystem: the Lost
City hydrothermal field. Science, 307, 1428–1434.
Koschinsky, A., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Sander, S., Schmidt, K.,
Gennerich, H. H., and Strauß, H., 2008. Hydrothermal venting
at pressure-temperature conditions above the critical point of
seawater, 5
S on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geology, 36, 615–618.
Martin, W., Baross, J., Kelley, D., and Russel, M. J., 2008. Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life. Nature Reviews. Microbiology, 6, 805–814.
Reeves, E. P., Seewald, J. S., Saccocia, P., Bach, W., Craddock,
P. R., Shanks, W. C., Sylva, S. P., Walsh, E., Pichler, T., and
Rosner, M., 2011. Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from
the PACMANUS, northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 1088–1123.
Sander, S., and Koschinsky, A., 2011. Metal flux from hydrothermal
vents increased by organic complexation. Nature Geoscience,
4, 145–150.
Schmidt, K., Garbe-Schönberg, D., Koschinsky, A., Strauss, H.,
Jost, C. L., Klevenz, V., and Königer, P., 2011. Fluid elemental
and stable isotope composition of the Nibelungen hydrothermal
field (8
18
0 S, Mid-Atlantic Ridge): constraints on fluid–rock
interaction in heterogeneous lithosphere. Chemical Geology,
280, 1–18.
Spiess, F. N., et al., 1980. East Pacific Rise: hot springs and geophysical experiments. Science, 207, 1421–1433.
Tagliabue, A., et al., 2010. Hydrothermal contribution to the oceanic
dissolved iron inventory. Nature Geoscience, 3, 252–256.
Tunnicliffe, V., 1992. The nature and origin of the modern hydrothermal vent fauna. Palaios, 7, 338–350.
Van Dover, C. L., 2000. The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal
Vents. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 424.
Vance, S., Harnmeijer, J., Kimura, J., Hussmann, H., Demartin, B.,
and Brown, M., 2007. Hydrothermal systems in small ocean
planets. Astrobiology, 7, 987–1005.
Von Damm, K. L., 1995. Controls on the chemistry and temporal
variability of seafloor hydrothermal fluids. In Humphris, S. E.,
Zierenberg, R. A., Mullineaux, L. S., and Thomson, R. E.
(eds.), Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical,
Biological, and Geological Interactions. Washington, DC:
American Geophysical Union. Geophysical Monograph,
Vol. 91, pp. 222–247.
Von Damm, K. L., Buttermore, L. G., Oosting, S. E., Bray, A. M.,
Fornari, D. J., Lilley, M. D., and Shanks, W. C., III, 1997. Direct
observation of the evolution of a seafloor black smoker from
HYDROTHERMAL VENT FLUIDS (SEAFLOOR)
343