Maekawa, H., Shozui, M., Ishii, T., Saboda, K. L., and Ogawa, Y.,
1992. Metamorphic rocks from the serpentinite seamounts in
the Mariana and Izu-Ogasawara forearcs. In Fryer, P., Pearce,
J. A., Stokking, L. B., et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean
Drilling Program Scientific Results 125. College Station: Ocean
Drilling Program, pp. 415–430.
Maekawa, H., Shozui, M., Ishii, T., Fryer, P., and Pearce, J. A.,
1993. Blueschist metamorphism in an active subduction zone.
Nature, 364, 520–523.
Maekawa, H., Fryer, P., and Ozaki, A., 1995. Incipient blueschistfacies metamorphism in the active subduction zone beneath
the Mariana forearc. In Talor, B., and Natland, J. (eds.),
Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western
Pacific. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union,
pp. 281–289.
Maekawa, H., Yamamoto, K., Ueno, T., Osada, Y., and Nogami, N.,
2004. Significance of serpentinites and related rocks in the highpressure metamorphic terranes, circum-Pacific regions. International Geology Review, 46, 426–444.
Maruyama, S., Liou, J. G., and Terabayashi, M., 1996. Blueschists
and eclogites of the world and their exhumation. International
Geology Review, 38, 485–594.
Mottana, A., Carswell, D. A., Chopin, C., and Oberhänsli, R., 1990.
Eclogite facies mineral paragenesis. In Carswell, D. A.
(ed.), Eclogite Facies Rocks. New York: Chapman & Hall,
pp. 14–52.
Oh, C. W., and Liou, J. G., 1998. A petrogenetic grid for eclogite
and related facies under high-pressure metamorphism. Island
Arc, 7, 36–51.
Peacock, S. M., and Wang, K., 1999. Seismic consequences of
warm versus cool subduction metamorphism: examples from
Southwest and Northeast Japan. Science, 286, 937–939.
Platt, J. P., 1986. Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of
high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1037–1053.
Ravna, E. J. K., and Paquin, J., 2004. Thermobarometric methodologies applicable to eclogites and garnet ultrabasites. In Carswell,
D. A., and Compagnoni, R. (eds.), Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism. Budapest: Eötvös University Press, pp. 229–259.
Ravna, E. J. K., and Terry, M. P., 2004. Geothermobarometry of
UHP and HP eclogites and schists –an evaluation of equilibria
among garnet – clinopyroxene – kyanite – phengite – coesite /
quartz. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 22, 579–592.
Rubatto, D., and Hermann, J., 2001. Exhumation as fast as subduction? Geology, 29, 3–4.
Tararin, L. A., 1995. Blueschist facies metamorphic rocks from the
basement of the Izu-Bonin inner trench wall. In Proceedings of
the 8th International Symposium on Water–Rock Interaction.
Vladivostok: Balkema, pp. 611–614.
Ueda, H., Usuki, T., and Kuramoto, Y., 2004. Intra-oceanic
unroofing of eclogite-facies rocks in the Omachi Seamount,
Izu-Bonin frontal arc. Geology, 32, 849–852.
Ueda, H., Niida, K., Usuki, T., Hirauchi, K., Meschede, M., Miura,
R., Ogawa, Y., Yuasa, M., Sakamoto, I., Chiba, T., Izumino, T.,
Kuramoto, Y., Azuma, T., Takeshita, T., Imayama, T., Miyajima,
Y., and Saito, T., 2011. Seafloor geology of the basement
serpentinite body in the Ohmachi Seamount (Izu-Bonin arc) as
exhumed parts of a subduction zone within the Philippine Sea.
In Ogawa, Y., Anma, R., and Dilek, Y. (eds.), Accretionary
Prisms and Convergent Margin Tectonics in the Northwest
Pacific Basin. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 97–128.
Wakabayashi, J., 1990. Counterclockwise P-T-t paths from amphibolites, Franciscan complex, California: relics from the early
stages of subduction zone metamorphism. The Journal of Geology, 98, 657–680.
Winkler, H. G. F., 1967. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks,
2nd edn. New York: Springer, p. 237.
Cross-references
Accretionary Wedges
Continental Slope
Contourites
Geochronology: Uranium-Series Dating of Ocean Formations
Intraoceanic Subduction Zone
Lithosphere: Structure and Composition
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Ophiolites
Passive Plate Margins
Seamounts
Serpentinization
Shelf
Subduction
Turbidites
HOT SPOTS AND MANTLE PLUMES
William M. White
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Definition
Hot Spot. Persistent volcanism over many millions or tens
of millions of years at fixed location on the Earth’s surface
in an absolute reference frame. This leads to a chain of volcanic islands and seamounts that get progressively older in
the direction of lithospheric plate motion. The Hawaiian
Islands provide the classic example.
Mantle Plume. Mantle plumes are relatively narrow
columns of hot, buoyant rock rising from the deep mantle,
probably the core–mantle boundary in many cases, and
partially melting in the uppermost mantle. The magma
produced in this way is responsible for hot spot volcanism
and oceanic volcanic islands and seamounts.
Introduction
Wilson (1963) pointed out the existence of chains of volcanic islands in the Pacific whose alignment was nearly
parallel and whose age increased with distance from the
East Pacific Rise. He proposed that the volcanoes formed
as convection currents in the shallow mantle dragged oceanic floor over a fixed melting region in the deeper mantle.
He also pointed out that ridges in the Atlantic seemed to
form Vs centered on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and argued
that these stationary “hot spots” (he did not use the term)
provided compelling evidence of the combination of continental drift and seafloor spreading that, by the end of the
decade, would come to be known as plate tectonics.
Among the great successes of plate tectonics is its
explanation of most magmatism on Earth. The largest
fraction occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where every year
some 20 km
3 of magma solidifies into new oceanic crust
as a direct consequence of the mantle convection that
drives plate motion. As mantle rises beneath mid-ocean
ridges, it partially melts (e.g., Klein and Langmuir, 1987).
316
HOT SPOTS AND MANTLE PLUMES
1992. Metamorphic rocks from the serpentinite seamounts in
the Mariana and Izu-Ogasawara forearcs. In Fryer, P., Pearce,
J. A., Stokking, L. B., et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean
Drilling Program Scientific Results 125. College Station: Ocean
Drilling Program, pp. 415–430.
Maekawa, H., Shozui, M., Ishii, T., Fryer, P., and Pearce, J. A.,
1993. Blueschist metamorphism in an active subduction zone.
Nature, 364, 520–523.
Maekawa, H., Fryer, P., and Ozaki, A., 1995. Incipient blueschistfacies metamorphism in the active subduction zone beneath
the Mariana forearc. In Talor, B., and Natland, J. (eds.),
Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western
Pacific. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union,
pp. 281–289.
Maekawa, H., Yamamoto, K., Ueno, T., Osada, Y., and Nogami, N.,
2004. Significance of serpentinites and related rocks in the highpressure metamorphic terranes, circum-Pacific regions. International Geology Review, 46, 426–444.
Maruyama, S., Liou, J. G., and Terabayashi, M., 1996. Blueschists
and eclogites of the world and their exhumation. International
Geology Review, 38, 485–594.
Mottana, A., Carswell, D. A., Chopin, C., and Oberhänsli, R., 1990.
Eclogite facies mineral paragenesis. In Carswell, D. A.
(ed.), Eclogite Facies Rocks. New York: Chapman & Hall,
pp. 14–52.
Oh, C. W., and Liou, J. G., 1998. A petrogenetic grid for eclogite
and related facies under high-pressure metamorphism. Island
Arc, 7, 36–51.
Peacock, S. M., and Wang, K., 1999. Seismic consequences of
warm versus cool subduction metamorphism: examples from
Southwest and Northeast Japan. Science, 286, 937–939.
Platt, J. P., 1986. Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of
high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1037–1053.
Ravna, E. J. K., and Paquin, J., 2004. Thermobarometric methodologies applicable to eclogites and garnet ultrabasites. In Carswell,
D. A., and Compagnoni, R. (eds.), Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism. Budapest: Eötvös University Press, pp. 229–259.
Ravna, E. J. K., and Terry, M. P., 2004. Geothermobarometry of
UHP and HP eclogites and schists –an evaluation of equilibria
among garnet – clinopyroxene – kyanite – phengite – coesite /
quartz. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 22, 579–592.
Rubatto, D., and Hermann, J., 2001. Exhumation as fast as subduction? Geology, 29, 3–4.
Tararin, L. A., 1995. Blueschist facies metamorphic rocks from the
basement of the Izu-Bonin inner trench wall. In Proceedings of
the 8th International Symposium on Water–Rock Interaction.
Vladivostok: Balkema, pp. 611–614.
Ueda, H., Usuki, T., and Kuramoto, Y., 2004. Intra-oceanic
unroofing of eclogite-facies rocks in the Omachi Seamount,
Izu-Bonin frontal arc. Geology, 32, 849–852.
Ueda, H., Niida, K., Usuki, T., Hirauchi, K., Meschede, M., Miura,
R., Ogawa, Y., Yuasa, M., Sakamoto, I., Chiba, T., Izumino, T.,
Kuramoto, Y., Azuma, T., Takeshita, T., Imayama, T., Miyajima,
Y., and Saito, T., 2011. Seafloor geology of the basement
serpentinite body in the Ohmachi Seamount (Izu-Bonin arc) as
exhumed parts of a subduction zone within the Philippine Sea.
In Ogawa, Y., Anma, R., and Dilek, Y. (eds.), Accretionary
Prisms and Convergent Margin Tectonics in the Northwest
Pacific Basin. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 97–128.
Wakabayashi, J., 1990. Counterclockwise P-T-t paths from amphibolites, Franciscan complex, California: relics from the early
stages of subduction zone metamorphism. The Journal of Geology, 98, 657–680.
Winkler, H. G. F., 1967. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks,
2nd edn. New York: Springer, p. 237.
Cross-references
Accretionary Wedges
Continental Slope
Contourites
Geochronology: Uranium-Series Dating of Ocean Formations
Intraoceanic Subduction Zone
Lithosphere: Structure and Composition
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Ophiolites
Passive Plate Margins
Seamounts
Serpentinization
Shelf
Subduction
Turbidites
HOT SPOTS AND MANTLE PLUMES
William M. White
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Definition
Hot Spot. Persistent volcanism over many millions or tens
of millions of years at fixed location on the Earth’s surface
in an absolute reference frame. This leads to a chain of volcanic islands and seamounts that get progressively older in
the direction of lithospheric plate motion. The Hawaiian
Islands provide the classic example.
Mantle Plume. Mantle plumes are relatively narrow
columns of hot, buoyant rock rising from the deep mantle,
probably the core–mantle boundary in many cases, and
partially melting in the uppermost mantle. The magma
produced in this way is responsible for hot spot volcanism
and oceanic volcanic islands and seamounts.
Introduction
Wilson (1963) pointed out the existence of chains of volcanic islands in the Pacific whose alignment was nearly
parallel and whose age increased with distance from the
East Pacific Rise. He proposed that the volcanoes formed
as convection currents in the shallow mantle dragged oceanic floor over a fixed melting region in the deeper mantle.
He also pointed out that ridges in the Atlantic seemed to
form Vs centered on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and argued
that these stationary “hot spots” (he did not use the term)
provided compelling evidence of the combination of continental drift and seafloor spreading that, by the end of the
decade, would come to be known as plate tectonics.
Among the great successes of plate tectonics is its
explanation of most magmatism on Earth. The largest
fraction occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where every year
some 20 km
3 of magma solidifies into new oceanic crust
as a direct consequence of the mantle convection that
drives plate motion. As mantle rises beneath mid-ocean
ridges, it partially melts (e.g., Klein and Langmuir, 1987).
316
HOT SPOTS AND MANTLE PLUMES